Abstract:

Conventional techniques of nanoparticle synthesis present various obstacles, including dangerous substances, significant energy usage, and prohibitively expensive costs. Furthermore, their reliance on toxic solvents restricts their usage in essential biomedical applications, while also generating significant waste and environmental dangers, limiting scalability and industrial practicality. Green synthesis, on the other hand, provides a more environmentally friendly alternative by using non-toxic solvents, reducing waste, and improving biocompatibility. With the growing interest in nanoparticle applications, researchers are stepping up their efforts to investigate metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This review examines numerous green fabrication processes, identifying the most promising strategies for synthesis and characterization. Furthermore, it examines the broad range of applications for biofabricated metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, emphasizing the extraordinary potential of copper-based and other metallic nanoparticles in medicine and predicting their future effect.