| 1 |
Author(s):
Rosemary Peter Mwandu, Amos Benjamin.
Page No : 1-12
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Does Corporate Social Responsibility Expenditure Influence Tax Avoidance? Evidence from Tanzanian Listed Firms
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility expenditure and tax avoidance in Tanzanian listed firms, utilising secondary data from 25 firms listed on the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange over a ten-year period from 2013 to 2022. Employing a retrospective research design and purposive sampling, we applied the fixed effects model as the estimation technique. The analysis reveals a positive and significant association between corporate social responsibility expenditure and tax avoidance, indicating that firms with higher levels of corporate social responsibility expenditure are more likely to engage in tax avoidance practices. Furthermore, control variables such as firm size, profitability, and leverage also demonstrated positive and significant relationships with tax avoidance. The findings contribute to the understanding of the intricate dynamics between corporate social responsibility initiatives and tax management strategies in the Tanzanian context. The implications of this study extend to policymakers, suggesting the need for a nuanced approach to corporate tax regulation, taking into account the interplay between corporate social responsibility initiatives and tax management practices. Policymakers should recognise that firms engaging in higher corporate social responsibility activities may employ tax planning strategies that warrant attention in regulatory frameworks. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the complex dynamics between corporate social responsibility and financial decision-making in emerging market contexts.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Heriel E. Nguvava, Arnold Ulomi.
Page No : 13-20
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Effect of Single Custom Territory on Trade Facilitation between Tanzania and Kenya: A Case of Holili Border
Abstract
This study examined the effect of the Single Custom Territory (SCT) on trade facilitation between Tanzania and Kenya, focusing on the roles of legal frameworks, inter-agency cooperation, and technological integration as independent variables. The study used a quantitative approach through multiple linear regression methods to determine the extent to which SCT’s constituent factors have influenced trade facilitation in the region. Both primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed. The findings suggest that 72.1% of variation in trade facilitation can be explained and attributed by the predictor variables. The legal framework plays a pivotal role in ensuring successful trade facilitation within the SCT context. Harmonization of trade policies and tariffs among the partner states (Tanzania and Kenya) emerged as a critical enabler for seamless cross-border trade. It was further revealed that enhanced inter-agency cooperation and collaborative border management committees contribute significantly to efficient trade processes. The integration of advanced technology, including ICT systems and electronic platforms is a key driver to efficiency in trade facilitation through massive reduction of operational costs and minimization of transit time. The study recommends, Partner states to actively collaborate in harmonizing trade policies, tariffs, and regulations across borders through consistent efforts in enacting and enforcing legislation that promotes transparent and efficient trade processes. Thus reducing ambiguity and fostering a conducive environment for cross-border trade. Partner state governments should facilitate formation of joint border management committees, cross-functional teams, and the implementation of regular training programs to promote collaboration and reduce redundant processes, thereby creating a streamlined trade ecosystem. Member states to embrace and expand technological integration that enable real-time data sharing, efficient information exchange, and provision of online services.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Okpara Roy Maduabuchi (Ph.D.), Uguru Ndubuisi Eme, Achara Larry Ogochukwu, Nwokoro Athanasius (Ph.D.).
Page No : 21-35
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Impact of Capital Flight on Gross Fixed Capital Formation in Nigeria
Abstract
Capital flight remains a controversial issue which its impact yields no good to any economy in which it is taking place. The main aim of the study was to investigate the nature of the relationship existing between capital flight and gross fixed capital formation in Nigeria. We used the World Bank residual approach to measure capital flight. Data from 1981 to 2020 was sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The study relied on an autoregressive distributed lag model for analysis. Our empirical analysis revealed that a negative relationship exists between gross fixed capital formation and capital flight in Nigeria. We therefore suggest reducing interest rate as this will encourage investors to access more credit facilities and increase domestic investment which will help to reduce the menace of capital flight in the country.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Ogbu Chibueze Okpaga.
Page No : 36-55
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Exchange Rate and Non-Oil Exports in Nigeria (1986-2021)
Abstract
This study ascertained the effect of exchange rate on non-oil exports in Nigeria covering the period 1986-2021. Data for the study were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin. The method of data analysis used is the linear regression method with the application of the Error Correction Model (ECM). The major findings of the study reveal that there exists a negative relationship between exchange rate volatility and non-oil exports in Nigeria, there exists a negative relationship between exchange rate and non-oil exports in Nigeria and there is a unidirectional causality relationship between exchange rate volatility and non-oil exports in Nigeria. Hence, exchange rate volatility causes non-oil exports in Nigeria. it is therefore the recommendation of the study that the government of Nigeria should aggressively pursue revenue diversion policies. This will go a long way in driving non-oil exports and also strengthen our currency and monetary authorities should ensure exchange rate stability in order to stem inflationary tendencies in Nigeria which have adverse effects on the growth of non-oil exports.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Uguru Ndubuisi Eme, Enwere George M., Amos Williams.
Page No : 56-72
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The Nexus Between Exchange Rate Volatility and Nigerian Stock Prices: An Egarch Approach
Abstract
The study examines the connection between exchange rate volatility and stock market performance in Nigeria from 1981 to 2022, utilizing the EGARCH model. Stock Exchange Capitalization and All-Share Index serve as indicators for the stock market. Stationarity tests initially showed a random walk in the variables, but after taking first differences, the ADF and PP unit root test statistics became significant, indicating integrated variables of the same order (I(1)). Analysis revealed autonomous negative reactions of stock prices to current year's exchange rate flux, indicating that the Nigerian Stock Exchange responded negatively to exchange rate fluctuations. It confirmed the existence of significant volatility persistence between stock prices and exchange rate flux in Nigeria, with a unidirectional relationship from exchange rate to stock market. In conclusion, findings suggest that investors should carefully examine the nature of exchange rate volatility and stock market prices to make informed investment decisions.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Sunday Timothy Omojuyigbe, Michael Kwanashie , Anthony Ihuoma, Oluwatosin Solomon Olushola .
Page No : 73-88
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Property Rights Protection and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Institution Economic Perspective
Abstract
Objective- This study seeks to examine property rights protection in Nigeria and how it affects economic growth using an institution economic perspective. Approach- The variables of the study are real gross domestic product (RGDP), property rights (PR) protection and investment freedom (IF) of Nigeria within the scope of 1995 to 2021. Unit root test using both Philips Perron (PP) and Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Johansen cointegration and post estimation tests were carried out. Results- Based on pre-estimation test results, the unrestricted vector autoregressive (UVAR) model was used. Estimation revealed that RGDP(-1) has a positive relationship with RGDP, both PR and IF have a negative relationship with RGDP. While RGDP(-1) is statistically significant, both PR and IF are not. Value Addition-The study blends the legal concept of property rights protection with economics, and recommends leveraging legal framework and technology to provide an online, easy, transparent and simplified process of registering and obtaining both tangible and intangible property ownership rights in Nigeria. It addressed the contemporary rights ownership tussle between farmers and herders in Nigeria. Again, several bottleneck factors both from states and local governments contributing to property rights usage obstruction and impediment to investment freedom were identified with viable solutions proffered.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Salifya Faith Mulenga.
Page No : 89-110
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Population Growth as a Cause of Human Development in Zambia (1992-2022)
Abstract
This article investigates population growth as a cause of human development in Zambia from 1992-2022, with the substantive objective being to examine whether population growth causes income inequality, poverty and unemployment in Zambia. The study was built on two theories: Malthusian theory of population and demographic transition theory. It employed a mixed research method, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data. Using the granger causality as the estimation technique specifically utilized the Vector Autoregressive model and correlation tests; the results show that population growth causes human development and poverty. Furthermore, that population growth does not cause income inequality and unemployment in Zambia. The study recommends that the government of Zambia invests in Research, Development and Technology so as to be in touch with the needs of the people, equally investing in education and health infrastructure and human resource, and be deliberate about setting up manufacturing industries and revamping existing ones.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Ifekanandu Chukwudi Christian, Ihuoma Chukwudi Ifekanandu, Rennner Blessing Awaji-ima (Ph.D.), Lawrence Tochukwu Obalum (Ph.D.).
Page No : 111-122
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Logistics Management and Operational Efficiency of Food and Beverage Firms in Port Harcourt
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between logistics management and operational efficiency of Food and Beverage Firms in Port Harcourt. Two objectives, two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. This study is anchored on the positivist research paradigm; this study adopted the correlation survey research. The population of the study comprised 30 food and beverage firms in Port Harcourt. Based on the population of the study, which is 30 food and beverage firms, the study adopted a census approach with a focus on the staff (inventory manager, distribution manager and warehousing manager). To ascertain the respondents, the questionnaire was distributed in batches of three (3) copies per headquarter branch. A total of ninety (90) copies of the questionnaire were distributed. Copies of the questionnaire were administered and distributed to the management staff of food and beverage firms in Port Harcourt. The reliability of the study was tested using the Cronbach Alpha method. The study employed the Spearman Rank-order Correlation Coefficient for testing the various hypotheses formulated for the study. The findings of the study established that transport management showed a positive and significant relationship with operational efficiency of food and beverages firms in Port Harcourt. It also confirmed that inventory management showed a positive and significant relationship with operational efficiency of food and beverages firms in Port Harcourt. It was concluded that logistics management is a precursor to operational efficiency of food and beverages firms in Port Harcourt. The study recommends that foood and beverage firms should incorporate transport management (vehicle scheduling and route planning) in their operations processes and inventory management should be enhanced as it will help to improve productivity within the organization.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Heriel Emanuel Nguvava (Ph.D.), Vaishali Jeetendra Sangar.
Page No : 123-138
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The Influence of Tax Service Quality on Presumptive Tax Payer’s Compliance in Tanzania: A Case of Ilala Tax Region.
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the influence of tax service quality on presumptive taxpayers’ compliance in Tanzania: a case of Ilala Tax Region. The study was guided by three specific objectives as indicated by independent variables namely Tax Service Reliability, Tax Service Responsiveness and Tax Service Tangibility. The study adopted a positivist philosophy, employed a deductive approach, and utilized survey strategy. The study was conducted in Ilala Municipal with a sample of 384 respondents. Probability sampling procedure was applied through simple random sampling technique. The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through questionnaires. Peer reviewed journal articles relevant for the subject matter, national tax and trade statistics reports from Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) were reviewed for secondary data. Data was analyzed using the OLS regression model. This study has found that Tax Service Reliability and responsiveness has no significant influence on presumptive tax payer’s compliance in Ilala Tax Region. Also the study revealed Tax Service Tangibility to have a significant positive influence on presumptive taxpayers’ compliance in the Ilala tax region. From the results, this study recommends Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) to focus on enhancing the perceived reliability of their tax services, including measures to ensure consistent interpretation and application of tax regulations, improving the accuracy of tax assessments, expediting the issuance of tax-related documents, enhancing the transparency of tax procedures and policies, and maintaining reliable online tax filing systems. Additionally, they should prioritize improving responsiveness to taxpayers’ needs by enhancing the promptness of addressing inquiries and concerns, making tax authority representatives more accessible through various communication channels, offering comprehensive assistance and guidance, and ensuring clarity in tax-related communication materials to enhance taxpayers’ understanding and compliance.
| 10 |
Author(s):
Didiugwu Sandra Chinecherem.
Page No : 139-158
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Empirical Analysis of Human Capital Development and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria (1981-2022)
Abstract
This study examined the impact of human capital development on poverty reduction in Nigeria covering the period 1981-20222. Data for the research were annual times series data on total education expenditures, total health expenditures, and inflation extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin 2020 and poverty rate, out-of-pocket expenditures, and human development index collected from World Development indicators. The methodology adopted in the study is linear regression with the application of the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique. Other diagnostic tests which include unit-root test, autocorrelation, and normality test were carried out in the study. The major findings of the study were that total education expenditures (TOEDXP) have a positive and insignificant contribution to poverty reduction in Nigeria, total health expenditures (TOHEXP) have a positive and insignificant contribution to poverty reduction in Nigeria, and out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) have a positive and insignificant contribution to poverty reduction in Nigeria. It is therefore the recommendation of the study that the government should also increase its expenditure on health and education. It is a fact that health is wealth and therefore, there is a need to provide a good environment, health facilities, an increased rate of doctor to patient ratio, health workers motivation and increased remuneration amongst others and also government should increase its expenditure on education as this would improve the standard of living of the citizens.
