Unified Formula and Symmetry of Perfect Magic Square.

Shintaro Sakai

doi:10.52589/AJMSS-4H3HYWLJ

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Unified Formula and Symmetry of Perfect Magic Square.

African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies

Vol. 7Issue 32024pp. 168–178Published 9 September 2024

DOI 10.52589/AJMSS-4H3HYWLJ

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Abstract:

Magic square have long been used in divination, art, etc. due to their magic and wonder. Among them, perfect magic square are considered valuable as magic square with special properties, and mathematicians have been interested in them and studied them. However, the achievements that are currently known are how to make a certain perfect magic square, and nothing is known about the number of all perfect magic square, the unified formula, or the structure. This paper focused on symmetry and clarified the unified formula and structure.

Keywords:Magic square Perfect magic square Latin square Point symmetry Group theory.

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Copyrights

Authors retain copyright in their articles and have unrestricted rights to reuse, republish, archive, share, and distribute their work after publication.
All articles are published open access under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, including for commercial purposes, provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.