| 1 |
Author(s):
Ugwu Melvin Nnaemeka, Ogwoni Hilary Akobi, Emuru Edward Odey, Ogbonna Chidera Gloria, Busy Clancy Otu, Okutepa Confidence Ileh, Eze Ifunanya Godswill, Peter Ujong Vivian.
Page No : 1-13
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Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Haematopoietic Potentials of Aqueous, Methanol and Petroleum Ether Extracts of Unripe Carica Papaya Seed on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.
Abstract
This study investigated the antioxidant and haematopoietic capacity of unripe Carica papaya (UCP) seed extract in diabetic rats using three different solvents. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were used but twenty-five rats were induced with diabetes following an overnight fast, by a single intravenous injection of 60 mg/kg STZ freshly dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5). Control animals received 0.9% sterile saline. Hyperglycemia was confirmed 3 days. Rats with blood glucose levels ≥ 200 mg/dL were selected for the study. The rats were grouped into six groups of five rats per group: NC, normal control, DC, diabetic control, DAUCP, DMUCP, DPEUCP are diabetic rats treated with aqueous, methanol petroleum ether extracts respectively while DSTD, diabetic rats treated with standard drug. The extracts were administered to the animals orally for 21 days. The animals administered with different extracts showed significant decrease (p<0.05) in blood sugar level and Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration but increase in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) when compared to the diabetic control group. Diabetic rats without treatment showed significant decline in RBCs count, WBCs and platelets and its associated indices except neutrophils in the diabetic rats without treatment. Treatment with the extracts significantly increase these haematological parameters. The extracts could improve the glycemic control and improves haematological indices along with enhanced antioxidant enzymes activity which has beneficial effect in preventing the diabetic complications. This implies that unripe C. papaya seed could be used in the management of diabetes.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Okechukwu-Ezike Ngozika C., Duru Nduka Harrison.
Page No : 14-22
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Spices Diets and Their Effects on the Renal Functions of Wistar Rat.
Abstract
The effects of selected spices (Aframomum danielli, rough skin plum and country onions) on the renal functions of wistar rats fed for 28 days with feed substituted with the three aforementioned spices at different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%) were evaluated. The values obtained for the parameters evaluated ranged from 18.42mg/dL to 21.87mg/dL (Blood Urea Nitrogen-BUN); 9.26% to 9.81% (creatinine); 9.02 to 9.23x109/L (White Blood Cell Count- WBCC); and 7.00 to 7.17x1012/L (Red Blood Cell Count- RBCC) for the 28 days. The partial substitution of the rats' feed with proportions of the spices increased the BUN, creatinine, WBCC and RBCC levels of the rats The BUN levels were within the 15-40mg/dl for normal adult human blood, The increment observed in the creatinine levels were also within the biochemical reference range of 7.68–70.72 mol/L. The WBCC of the test animals fed with control feed reduced as the feeding period progressed. White blood cells are responsible for fighting infections or diseases in the body. Low counts of WBC may indicate that the body is immune-compromised, too high WBC counts might be an indication of many underlined diseases or the introduction of a foreign body responsible for the upsurge of WBC counts. The WBC count in this study was within the SI reference range of 4.5-11.0 x 109/L. The RBC count of all the test samples were higher than the SI reference range of 4.3-5.9 x 1012/L (male) and 3.5-5.5 x 1012/L (female).
| 3 |
Author(s):
Ijeoma Obike, Ubiaza Ehidiabhen Lawrence, Ojomo Oluwagbeminiyi Omokorede, Akinsiku Elizabeth Temitope.
Page No : 23-35
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Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Isolates from Restaurant Wastewater.
Abstract
Background: This study was carried out to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance in restaurant wastewater collected from three restaurants within the University environs.
Methodology: The samples were examined microbiologically and tested for antibiotic sensitivity by conventional methods. The microbial load in the restaurant wastewater ranged from 1.18 x 105 – 9.9 x 105 and 2.9 x 105 - 7.9 x 105 after tyndallization. The microbial isolates were identified to be Corynebacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., the fungal isolates were Hafnia, Providencia. The highest percentage of occurrence was observed for Corynebacterium (38%), the lowest occurrence was observed for Staphylococcus, Bacilllus, and Providencia (6.9%). Antibiotic susceptibility of the microns were assayed according to the Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method.
Results: The result of this study indicated that out of all the strains of microorganisms isolated, the highest multi-resistant pattern was found with Corynebacterium, it was resistant to nine isolates out of the ten isolates it was tested for, was susceptible to only Chloramphenicol (30µg). Pseudomonas was the least susceptible, being resistant to only three antibiotics namely Ciproflox (10µg), Amoxicillin (30µg), Streptomycin (30µg). The results showed 50% resistance to Norobiocin (30µg), Ciproflox (10µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Amplicox (30µg), Streptomycin (30µg); 40% resistance to Levomycin (30µg), Rifampicin (10µg), 30% resistance to Amoxicillin (30µg), and 20% resistance to Chloramphenicol (30µg) and Erythromycin (10µg).
Conclusion: With the current emphasis on environmental health and water pollution issues, there is an increasing awareness of the need to dispose these wastewaters safely and beneficially by ensuring they are treated properly before reuse or final disposal into water bodies.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Akinsiku Elizabeth Temitope, Adebolu Tokunbo Tinuade, Ajayi Babajide Bamidele, Akinsade Ayombo Samuel.
Page No : 36-52
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Assessment of the Microbial Profile of Selected Commercially Prepared Food Spices in Nigeria.
Abstract
The microbial profiles and antibiogram patterns of some commercially prepared food spices in Nigeria were evaluated in this study. Ten selected food spices; cinnamon, coriander, black pepper, chili pepper, suya spice, salad cream, paprika, parsley, mint and basil were purchased from the popular Oja-Oba market in Akure, Nigeria. Standard microbiological assays were used to identify and quantify microorganisms in the spices. The antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial and fungal isolates was tested using the disk diffusion method. Twelve bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii) were isolated from the food spices. Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter aerogenes were the most prevalent, while Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridium perfringens were the less frequently encountered bacterial species. Four Fungal species: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Fusarium oxysporium were also isolated from the food spices, with Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae the most frequently encountered and Aspergillus fumigatus the less regularly encountered fungal species. The bacterial load of the food spices ranged from 8.0 x 103 to 9.0 x 105 CFU/ml, while the mean fungal count ranged from 2.0 x 103 to 1.2 x 105 SFU/ml. Antibiogram analysis revealed that Pefloxacin has the highest efficacy and Zinnacef the least in all isolated bacterial species. At the same time, Ketoconazole exhibited the highest effectiveness in all isolated fungal species, and Nystatin showed the least effectiveness. The high population of pathogenic microorganisms coupled with the presence of Salmonella typhimurium and other enteric microorganisms in the food spices can cause severe foodborne illness to the consumers of such food spices and may lead to foodborne illness outbreaks.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Ezema M. A., Sangari J. S., Chukwudike C. O., Maduagwu C. Q..
Page No : 53-70
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Analysis of Transmission Dynamics and Control of Strongyloides Stercoralis using Mathematical Modeling in Pankshin Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria.
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis’ infection is common among children living in rural areas in developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa with serious public health significance. This study presents a mathematical modeling and analysis of transmission dynamics and control of Strongyloides stercoralis in Pankshin Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. A mathematical model based on the Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Treated-Public Health Education-Filariform Larvae (SEITPF) compartments for Strongyloides stercoralis was formulated. A qualitative analysis was performed and disease equilibrium points together with their stabilities. The basic reproduction number, R0, is computed and used as a threshold value using the next generation matrix method. It is established that the unique endemic equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable provided R0 >1. Additionally, to ascertain the impact of various parameter values on the growth of Strongyloides stercoralis, a sensitivity analysis of R0 was conducted. Ultimately, a numerical analysis of these parameters' effects on the infected humans revealed that treatment, public health education, and good personal hygiene should all be used in tandem to effectively eradicate Strongyloides stercoralis and other NTDs infections in the study area.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Azemfack Jules Arnol, Mbouobda Hermann Desire, Dobgima John Fonmboh, Muyang Rosaline Fosah, Fotso.
Page No : 71-85
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Production of Biofertilizers using Rhizobium Isolated from Phaseolus Vulgaris Root Nodules.
Abstract
Rhizobia are special bacteria that can live in the soil or in nodules formed on the roots of legumes. Phaseolus vulgaris is an important legume vegetable belonging to the family Fabaceae. Rhizobia are Gram negative bacteria, aerobic, and non-sporulating which are associated symbiotically with the roots of leguminous plants. Overuse of chemical fertilizer, and biodiversity loss are serious problems challenging the sustainable development of modern agriculture. As organic fertilizers are increasingly used in agriculture today, there is an imperative need to preserve the health of humans and the environment. This study was aimed at isolating and characterizing Rhizobium bacteria from the nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in order to produce nitrogen biofertilizer that can be used to substitute chemical fertilizer. Specifically, nodules were collected from Phaseolus vulgaris roots at different stages of development in the school garden of the University of Bamenda, sterilized and used to purify and characterize morphologically and microscopically Rhizobium bacteria. These were then used to produce nitrogen biofertilizer using charcoal powder. As results, morphological characterization of the bacteria isolated from the bean nodules revealed fast-growing bacteria in 72 h in Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar with Congo red medium. They do not absorb Congo Red, were translucent, mucoid, bulging in the Petri Dish and gram negative which corresponded to Rhizobium bacteria. Only Yeast Extract Mannitol broth showed good multiplication of bacteria for inoculant production. The pH of charcoal powder was 7.9 which is good for rhizobia growth and three concentrations of 225g, 165g and 145g of Rhizobium biofertilizers were produced with a shelf life of six months.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Idrissa Abamé, Jean Paul Kengne Chedjou, Ngum Lesley Ngum, Abdoul Salam Hamadama, Calvino Fomboh Tah, Koché Abamé, Koudji Malachie, Mbarnjuk Aoudi Stéphane, Baka Michelle Larissa, , Akindeh M Nji, Wilfred F Mbacham.
Page No : 86-96
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The Use of PCR as an Effective Means of Diagnosing Malaria and Toxoplasmosis in Pregnant Women in Cameroon.
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is an important zoonosis with medical and veterinary significance worldwide. The disease is primarily contracted by ingesting undercooked or raw meat containing viable tissue cysts, or by ingesting food or water contaminated with oocysts. Malaria, on the other hand, is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, with the most serious and sometimes fatal type being caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria stands as the most significant infectious disease in tropical and subtropical regions, continuing to pose a major global health challenge. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling these diseases, especially among vulnerable groups such as pregnant women. However, several diagnostic methods are hindered by shortcomings such as false negatives, false positives, and accuracy issues. Hence, this study aims to assess the utility of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in diagnosing these parasitic diseases in pregnant women at the Garoua Regional Hospital during antenatal care. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted, recruiting 105 participants who responded to a questionnaire and were diagnosed with malaria and toxoplasmosis using rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy. Dried blood spots were prepared from finger-prick blood samples of each participant for molecular analysis. Of the 105 participants, 70.87% originated from the North region and 21.36% from the Far North region. The women had an average age of 26 years, with the majority being married (98.06%) and housewives (79.05%), while 24.76% had never attended school. Among the 105 participants, 17/105 (16.19%) and 30/105 (28.57%) were diagnosed positive for malaria and toxoplasmosis using rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy, respectively. Meanwhile, 18/105 (17.14%) and 75/105 (71.5%) tested positive for malaria and toxoplasmosis, respectively, using PCR.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Nwakamma G. I., Amadi A. N., Nworuh B. O., Iwuala C. C., Megwas A. U., Ubani U. A., Innocent D. C..
Page No : 97-109
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Strategies Used in Preventing Air Pollutants on Ocular Health Among Road Transport Workers in Imo State, Nigeria.
Abstract
Background: Air pollution significantly affects human health, particularly ocular health, yet limited research has been conducted on its impact among road transport workers in Nigeria. These workers are frequently exposed to harmful pollutants due to their occupation, contributing to various ocular health issues. Aim: This study aimed to determine the strategies used by commercial drivers and road transport workers in preventing the effects of air pollutants on ocular health in Imo State, Nigeria.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 552 participants, including drivers, conductors, and traders in designated motor parks across the three senatorial zones of Imo State. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and clinical examinations. Socio-demographic information, occupational history, and preventive measures against air pollution were recorded. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software.
Results: The majority of participants (69%) did not employ any preventive measures against air pollution. Among the 31% who did, strategies included wearing sunglasses (7.2%), wearing protective glasses (6.9%), closing eyes in polluted areas (5.1%), avoiding areas with smoke (2.2%), and undergoing eye check-ups (1.8%). Commercial drivers were the least likely to seek preventive care, reflecting a concerning lack of awareness.
Conclusion: The study highlights a significant gap in awareness and practice of preventive measures against air pollution's impact on ocular health among road transport workers. Raising awareness and implementing targeted health education programs are essential to reduce the risk of pollution-related ocular diseases.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Adewoyin A. Osonuga, Chukwubueze G. Ubani, Ayokunle Osonuga, Odusoga A. Osonuga, Gloria C. Okoye, Ayotunde C. Osonuga.
Page No : 110-117
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The Impact of Prostate Cancer on the Quality of Life of Men Attending Urology Clinic in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital.
Abstract
Introduction: The diagnosis of any malignancy puts physical, financial, and mental stress on patients. Prostate Cancer is the most common malignancy among men and has variable progression and outcomes. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of prostate cancer on the quality of life of men over the age of 60 years attending the urology clinic at Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital (OOUTH). Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional study involving one hundred and eight (108) men who were voluntarily recruited from clinic to complete a four-part questionnaire. Results: Most men reported that prostate cancer has had some form of influence on their daily activities (75.9%); with major concerns about altered bowel function (63.0%) and reduction in libido (69.4%). The psychological impact of the disease or treatment was minimal in our study (22.2%) Conclusion: Healthcare practitioners need to be aware about the biopsychosocial effects of the diagnosis, management and complications of prostate cancer and indeed other chronic / terminal diseases on the general wellbeing of their patients. These should be actively sort and managed appropriately to improve the QoL of patients.
| 10 |
Author(s):
Nwakamma G. I., Iwuala C. C., Ubani U. A., Dozie U. W., Ugwoke G. I., Innocent D. C..
Page No : 118-139
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Influence of Air Pollutants on Ocular Health Among Road Transport Workers in Imo State, Nigeria.
Abstract
Air pollution is a major public health concern linked to various diseases, including ocular health problems. In Nigeria, road transport workers, particularly drivers, are highly exposed to pollutants due to occupational hazards. Limited research exists on the ocular impacts of air pollution in this population. This study aimed to determine the influence of air pollutants on ocular health among road transport workers in Imo State, Nigeria, and assess awareness and preventive measures related to air pollution and ocular health. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in motor parks across three senatorial zones of Imo State. A total of 552 road transport workers, including drivers, conductors, and traders, were surveyed using structured questionnaires and clinical eye examinations. Data were analyzed for socio-demographics, presence of ocular problems, awareness, and use of preventive measures. The study revealed that 81.2% of the examined eyes had ocular issues. Pterygium (35.8%) and dry eye syndrome (22.2%) were the most common conditions. Awareness of air pollution's impact on ocular health was high (84.1%), but only 31% of participants used preventive measures. Those who applied preventive measures had significantly lower rates of ocular problems (51.5%) compared to those who did not (94.5%). Protective practices like wearing glasses and avoiding smoke areas were associated with reduced ocular issues. Thus, air pollution significantly affects the ocular health of road transport workers in Imo State. Increasing awareness and promoting the use of preventive measures are essential to mitigating these health impacts.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Adewoyin A. Osonuga, Grace U Ugorji, Ayokunle Osonuga, Odusoga A. Osonuga, Gloria C. Okoye, Ayotunde C. Osonuga.
Page No : 140-151
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Knowledge of Secondary School Teachers on Factors that Promote and Hinder the Early Detection and Prevention of Childhood Sexual Abuse.
Abstract
Introduction: School teachers has an important role in the early detection and Prevention of children from been sexually abused and exploited. The aim of this study was to assess the factors that influence the early detection and prevention of child sexual abuse (CSA) among schoolteachers in Babcock University High School, Ilishan Remo Ogun State.
Method: This study was a cross sectional descriptive study involving 53 permanent teachers selected from the database of the school’s registry. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between February and March 2021. Multistage cluster sampling technique was employed to obtain study participants from a list of sampling frame collated from the registry. Data collected was analyzed electronically using SPSS version 23. Frequency and percentage table were generated for the demographic characteristics of the respondents. Statistical significance for association was tested using chi square with p-value less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: 98.1% of the respondents had good knowledge concerning child sexual abuse. We found significant relationship between factors influencing and hindering the early detection of CSA among schoolteachers (r=0.731, p= 0.003). Also, there was significant association between these influencing factors that encourages early detection and level of knowledge about CSA of teachers (p=0.001, X2 = 23.463).
Conclusion: CSA remains a problem in our schools and indeed in the wider society. Teachers should be equipped with tools and knowledge to identify signs of sexual abuse. There should be proper, discrete reporting channels in schools to ensure that students who are victims of abuse are protected and properly safeguarded.
