| 1 |
Author(s):
Anyanwu Emeka Donald .
Page No : 1-11
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Quality Assessment of Vegetable Oil Effluent Discharged into a Southeastern Nigeria River
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effluent quality in relation to national effluent standards and determine its pollution potential on the receiving Ossah River. Aspects of the physico-chemical characteristics were studied between January and June 2018 in 3 stations. Ten (10) parameters were evaluated using standard methods and compared with Nigerian effluent standard. The mean values recorded were – pH (5.37), Total suspended solids (13.70 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (5.05 mg/l), biochemical oxygen demand (2.65 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (14.00 mg/l), nitrate (2.82 mg/l), phosphate (2.28 mg/l), sulphate (0.57 mg/l), chloride (69.3 mg/l) and oil and grease (0.1 mg/l). Most of the parameters evaluated were within acceptable limits and indicated that the effluent has low pollution potentials. The Biodegradability Index showed that effluent was not biodegradable and confirms the low pollution potential. However, pH and Total suspended solids deviated from the set acceptable limits with high pollution potentials. This study concluded that the quality of effluent discharged into Ossah River is good but need to be monitored periodically.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Odenigbo C..
Page No : 12-15
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Effects of Abattoir Wastewater on River/Stream: A Case Study of Ekulu River Emene Abattoir Activities
Abstract
This study examines the extent of contamination of untreated waste water in abattoir especially in Emene and the impact on the ecology of micro-organisms in the waste water. There has been no sewage treatment system constructed for managing waste water from the abattoir and recent publication showed that zoonotic diseases like tuberculosis are yet to be fully controlled in abattoir. The waste water generated flows directly with the Ekulu River without treatment, the activities of this abattoir remain unregulated. This paper aimed at assessing the abattoir waste water sample from Ekulu River Emene Abattoir for physical and chemical properties with respect to the following parameters; temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, acidity, alkalinity, total solid, dissolve and suspended solid, total hardness, copper, iron, lead, chloride, sulphate, COD, BOD, calcium/magnesium and phosphorus. The result analysis obtained for these parameters shows that the downstream sample B contains more of these parameters by far than the upstream sample A, which is an indication that the abattoir activities in/beside the river is having adverse effect on streams/rivers.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Odenigbo C., Prof. Ademiluyi J.O.
Page No : 16-34
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Modelling Biogas Recovery from Wastewater Treatment by Anaerobic Digestion
Abstract
In this study, attempt was made to model gas production process from an anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge in a treatment plant. Apart from the issue of environmental cleanup this process of sewage treatment offers, it has become a viable tool to solving energy problems that exist in many parts of the world. Nigeria has much wastewater and this constitutes environmental pollution when channelled to the freshwaters body. Some wastewater; domestic and industrial, has to be treated before channelling them into waterways and in doing this, biogas can be tapped from the system if anaerobic digesters are designed and incorporated into the treatment plants. In this study, this process of biogas production was modelled to ascertain the amount of energy that can be recovered from wastewater treatment plant, for economic usage in the operation of the treatment plant and municipal consumption. To achieve this objective, equation was derived and its application yielded a positive result. Results from two different experimental reactors, reactors 1 and 2 (see Table 4.2 above) were used in comparison with the model reactors to investigate performance of the model. Figure 4.1 shows the gas yield for the different reactors investigated. Statistical analysis of the overall results shows that model reactor 1 has a coefficient of correlation (CORR) of 0.95, this demonstrate a good fit with the experimental results obtained from reactor 1. However, a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.15 and 7.49 respectively, was recorded during this process. These values indicate a significantly low error of estimates and shows that the model is reliable. Similarly, model reactor 2 gave a CORR of 0.96 with errors of estimate (MAPE) of 1.34 and RMSE OF 3.12. Meanwhile, it can be observed that both experimental reactor 1 and 2 have a slightly higher values of gas yield than their corresponding model reactors. This trend is rather good in relation to safety in gas production estimate using the model. An overestimating model would be misleading and give a false data when such is needed for energy generation design and operation.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Ifediora Nonyelum Helena, Edeoga Hilary Odo, Omosun Garuba.
Page No : 35-45
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Growth Tolerance of Grasses Grown on Waste Engine Oil Contaminated Soil
Abstract
The growth tolerance of Digitaria horizontalis, Eluecine indica and Setaria barbata grass species grown on waste engine contaminated soil was investigated in this study. Waste engine oil was added to soil to obtain different concentrations on weight basis: 0 % (control), 2 %, 4 %, 7 % and 10 % v/w oil- in-soil. The mixing was gradually done to ensure thorough and even mixing. After the mixing, the soil was left under shade for a period of seven days without planting. At the end of the seventh day, the plant materials collected from the wild were transplanted into the buckets. The growth parameters measured at 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks after planting were plant height, leaf number, lea area and shoot girth. The result obtained showed that the increased concentration of waste engine oil in the soil caused reduced growth of the three grass species studied as was evident in the growth parameters studied. In conclusion, the D. horizontalis, E. indica and S. barbata grass species studied responded differently to waste engine oil contaminated soil and their sensitivity were determined by the five different concentrations of waste engine oil used.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Bob-Manuel Karibi N.O., Green Ann F.
Page No : 46-54
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Sublethal Effects of Gammalin 20 (Lindane) on The Haematology of Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Juveniles
Abstract
Five juveniles of Clarias gariepinus were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 ppm) of Gammalin 20 (Lindane) for 8 days to determine the effects on some hematological variables. The values of PCV (Packed Cell Volume), Leucocyte (Leuc), Haemoglobin (Hb), Platelets (Plt), Red Blood Cells (RBC) and Lymphocytes were significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) in all the treatment concentrations. Similar results were obtained with Monocytes (Mon.), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Platelets while White Blood Cells (WBC), Neutrophils (Neut.), Lymphocytes (Lymp.) and Eosinophils (EOS) increased in values but were significant (P ≤ 0.05) in some treatment concentrations. There was a significant reduction of Hb and RBC resulting in macrocytic anaemia of the fish. Time, Concentration and Interaction produced major differences only in the values of WBC while haematological indices such as Mean Cell Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) had no definite pattern during the exposure period, however, exposure to sublethal concentrations of Gammalin 20 caused changes in the blood characteristics of C. gariepinus which was not directly related to time and concentration.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Nasir Umar Ali, Pius Mbuya Nina, Patricia Tarlue J.V., Ritah Nakanwagi, Emmanuel Kutiote J.O., Aisha-Lul Ahmed Nur, Prudence Chanda.
Page No : 55-63
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Assessment of Biomass Briquette Use as Alternative Source of Renewable Energy in Kampala District
Abstract
The use of biomass briquettes as an alternative source of renewable energy is a recent development in an effort to address growing energy demand in developing countries in general and Uganda in particular. The study aims to assess local perceptions regarding briquettes use and the effectiveness of briquettes as an alternative source of fuel in Kampala district. We collected data from companies and institutions on selected socio-economic factors that promoted the popularity and use of briquettes. Data was analyzed for mean frequencies, chi-square tests and cross tabulations. Results show that briquettes use was growing in popularity. However, its local use had weak association with level of education (r =0.403) but statistically significant at P<0.05. This level of significance showed that education was important in explaining the likelihood of consuming briquettes as a clean source of energy. The study concluded that Briquettes have a great potential to be used to replace or supplement the current energy sources being used for household energy especially for cooking. It was recommended that Briquettes form a viable source of alternative energy for companies and institutions. The Country lies among the high agricultural potential areas with high population densities and as a result, there is reduced land acreage to plant trees for wood fuel production.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Aisha-Lul Ahmed Nur, Emmanuel Kutiote J.O., Patricia Tarlue J.V., Nasir Umar A., Madina Ahmed Nur, Pius Mbuya Nina.
Page No : 64-72
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Assessment of Used Oil Management at the Filling Stations within Makindye Division in Kampala
Abstract
This study investigates the disposal of used oil produced from different sources at the filling stations, and attempts to identify policy gaps and suggest remedial measures. Uganda does not have clear policy guidelines and regulations on used oil collection, storage and disposal, which leaves room for inconsistencies of disposal methods. Used oil contains hazardous heavy metals like lead and mercury, as well as persistent organic substances with the potential to degrade the environment and pollute water sources and the soils which support food production. Six types of filling stations were selected for data collection. Data collection involved asking the management at each filling station for information on record of used oil sources, volume in litres, frequency of collection, means of storage and disposal of all used (waste) oils in the past one month. The results show that motor vehicles are the single most important sources of used oil in Kampala. Some filling stations mix used oil from petrol cars and diesel cars, and only 25% separate them completely in different cans or drums. Level of awareness regarding used oil disposal methods is still very low. A few respondents knew about recycling of used oil. To reduce environmental exposure to risks of used oil, collection and storage at the filling stations are important links to effective monitoring plan. Therefore, there is need to develop simple and cost-effective storage and pre-disposal treatment equipment to reduce possible leakage into the environment.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Associate Professor Ibrahim Isah Laken, Musah Monday, Dagaci M.Z., Mohammed S.H., Paiko Y.B., Baba F.H., Mohammed S.Y., Mann A..
Page No : 73-82
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Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of Chrysanthellum Indicum (Linn) Extracts
Abstract
The paper dual the preliminary investigation on possibility of the claim by Traditional Healers that this plant extract could cure Scorpion sting and snake bites Infectious diseases are prevalent in developing countries and plant extracts are known to contained bioactive compounds that can be used in management of these diseases. The plant of Chrysanthellum indicum (Linn) was with reference voucher FNS/0019/ibbu/ 020 air-dried and pulverized into fine powder and then percolated to give ethanol and aqueous extracts. These extracts were phytochemically screened for metabolites and evaluated antibacterial activity against some pathogenic organisms Klebsilla, pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar dilution method. It was found that crude extracts of C. indicum revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, steroidal nucleus, cardiac glycosides and coumarin, while flavonoids and anthroquinones were absent. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the active extract of C. indicum shows that the extract could be a potential source of antibacterial agents.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Karikpo L. P., Ekweozor I.K.E., Moslen M.
Page No : 83-93
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The Physico-Chemistry and Heavy Metals (Mn, Cr, Cd & Pb) Accumulation in Three Refuse Dump Sites in Rivers State, Nigeria
Abstract
The accumulation of four heavy metals (Mn, Cr, Cd & Pb) in Carica papaya and physico-chemical parameters of soil from three refuse dump sites in Rivers State, was examined. The study sites were located in three Local Government Areas of Rivers State namely Ikwerre (station1), Oyigbo (station2) and Eleme (station3). The leaf, root, fruit of Carica papaya and soil samples, were collected from the three stations in tandem with standard method. Samples were collected for six months, at intervals of six weeks. Atomic Absorption Spectrophometer (AAS) was used to analyse metals (Mn, Cr, Cd, and Pb) concentration (mg/kg). The soil samples were further analysed to obtain the physico-chemical parameters (pH, Electrical conductivity (µs/cm), NO4-2(mg/kg), and PO3(mg/kg). The result showed that the metals concentration was descending as follows Mn>Pb>Cr>Cd in the leaf, root and fruit respectively across the sampled stations. The accumulations of metals in the sampled soils were higher than the temporal control in this study. The metals showed a strong and positive correlation with physico-chemical parameters in the three stations at p<0.05. The leaf, root and fruit of Carica papaya in the study sites, showed efficient accumulation of heavy metals and should not be consumed on a long term.
| 10 |
Author(s):
Okoboshi A.C., Okore Oghale, Anyanwu E.D.
Page No : 94-101
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The Physicochemical, Planktonic and Macroinvertebrate Analysis of Anya Stream in Amaoba Town, Ikwuano Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria
Abstract
The physico-chemical as well as macro invertebrate characteristics of Anya stream in Amaoba community, Abia state, Nigeria, was studied over a period of 5 months. The stream was investigated in 3 different outlined stations based on degree of human interaction and the plant community along the stream. The result indicated that human interaction influenced to an extent the Physico-chemical parameters. The phosphate values recorded between 0.67 ±0.22 and 0.77± 0.18 mg/l. Total hardness ranged from 7.66± 0.06 to 20.33 ± 9.16mg/l, while dissolved oxygen varied from 0.73± 0.13 to 3.76 ± 0.56 mg/l. The rainfall amount recorded within the period of study influenced some of the parameters. The temperature of water surface was lower in rainy months than in the dry ones. The nitrate concentration increased with the rainfall amount recorded. All parameters assessed except for pH and total phosphate varied within the acceptable standard of World Health Organization (WHO), Standard of Nigeria (SON), European Economic Community (EEC) and Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV). Significant differences (p< 0.05) monthly concentrations of the evaluated chemical parameters where observed when subjected to Duncan and LSD analysis. However, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) among stations. The zooplanktons encountered included Branchionus plicatilis, Cyclops sp., Calanus hyperboreus and Moina sp. The phytoplanktons included Spirogyra, Euglena, Green algae, Blue-green algae while the macroinvertebrates were Water strider, Dragon flies, Damsel flies, Beetles, Water bugs, immature stages of Mosquitoes (larva, pupa) and the adults respectively. Chlorophycene (spirogyra), had the highest cell density of phytoplankton with 100.0% abundance obtained from a total of 184 cells/ml from four broad groups of phytoplankton. Based on the results and following standard criteria, the stream could be suitable for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. However basic treatment can help improve the portability of the water especially for drinking.
