| 1 |
Author(s):
Yaya Alexandre, Abba Paltahe, Abdoul Wahabou.
Page No : 1-9
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Flocculation Treatment of Pollutants in Wastewater of “MAROUA SODECOTON” Plant
Abstract
This paper evaluates the physical, chemical and organic parameters of untreated and treated wastewater from the Cotton Development Corporation industry in Cameroon for short SODECOTON in the city of Maroua, and this to assess the extent of pollution of these waters as well as the effectiveness of the treatment method (flocculation-coagulation) that we performed on these waters. All the parameters (physical, chemical and organic) studied were carried out using standard methods. Physical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), suspended matter (MES) and salinity were studied. Chemical and organic parameters, including biochemical oxygen demand for five days (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), manganese, nickel, lead, zinc, phosphate, chloride, total hardness have also been studied. The results show that all these parameters are greater than the guide values. Nitrates, copper, silver, sulfates ... were absent. The samples were subjected to physico-chemical treatments. The average abatement rates obtained for each parameter studied are: TDS: 66.83%; MES: 94.55%; MO: 99.83%; BOD5: 93.19%; COD: 94.37%; iron: 93.58%; manganese: 98.11%; nickel: 91.53%; lead and zinc: 100%; for total hardness: 83% and phosphate: 96.91%. The results showed that flocculation-coagulation was effective in reducing the above parameters to acceptable values, even zero. This allows us to say that flocculation-coagulation can be a method of depollution the waste water from SODECOTON. It is therefore recommended to regularly monitor and treat the waste water from the Maroua industry (SODECOTON) in order to prevent the risk of contamination and water-borne diseases of the surrounding populations.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Alfred Mishi, Charity Kuje, Arigu Sabari, John Ojosipe, Deborah Adigun, Chinedu Egbogu, Daniel Dusu.
Page No : 10-25
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Fundamental Interactions of Nature: Classical Unification of Gravitational and Electromagnetic Forces
Abstract
We have looked at the four fundamental interactions, the interaction between imaginary energies. This been the electromagnetic (between electric charges), weak (between electric and colour charges), and strong (between colour charges) interactions. Among the four fundamental elements, there are ten (six real and four imaginary) fundamental interactions. We also have presented a Classical theory of unification of gravitational force and the electromagnetic force based on generalization of Newton’s law of gravitation to include a dynamic term inferred from the Lorentz force of electromagnetic interaction. This dynamic term alone in the gravitational force is enough to develop the entire dynamic theory of gravitation parallel to that of electrodynamics. This theory naturally solves the mystery of action-at-distance. It has been shown that the inverse square law of the static and the dynamic forces is the result of the conservation of mass (Gauss’s Law) and the total momentum (Wang’s Law). The Wang’s Law been a new discovery. The new theory also predicts that the gravitational force is transmitted through propagation of gravitational waves at the speed of light.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Sreekumar P.A..
Page No : 26-33
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Extraction and Thermal Characterization of Microcellulose: From Pistachio Shell
Abstract
This study focuses on the extraction of micro-crystalline cellulose (MCC) from raw pistachio shell, one of the waste products in the pistachio industry. Using acid hydrolysis method, microcrystalline cellulose was produced from the raw pistachio shell. The particle size and thermal properties of obtained microcrystalline cellulose were performed using particle size and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyzer. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was also used to study the effect of acid hydrolysis on the pistachio shell. Results indicated that the thermal stability of microcrystalline cellulose is higher compared to raw pistachio shell at all temperature region.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Udeme Effiong Jonah, Samuel Edet Etteokon.
Page No : 34-45
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Preliminary Study on the Diversity of Plankton Flora and Water Quality of a Tropical Mangrove Estuarine System, Akwa Ibom State, Niger Delta Area, Nigeria
Abstract
Plankton and water quality of Qua Iboe River Estuary, south-south Nigeria, were studied between November, 2018 and August, 2019. The samples were collected monthly, from five sampling stations across the water body. Standard methods were used in collection and analyses of the water samples. Plankton samples were collected using plankton net. The range values of physico-chemical parameters were: water temperature (26.11-28.43), pH (6.7-8.9), transparency (32.0-99.3cm), electrical conductivity (3472.53-3961.68us/cm), salinity (2.167-4.916ppt), ammonium (10.28-18.96 mg/L), nitrate (4.91-9.15mg/L), sulphate (208.07-363.31mg/L), phosphate (5.13-8.34), alkalinity (48.77-88.44mg/L). Analysis of variance showed significant difference (p<0.05) in salinity, ammonium, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate. A total of 3,320 individuals from 44 taxa, belonging to 5 taxonomic groups were identified. Bacillariophyceae was the highest recorded group, constituting 34.8%, Cyanophyceae (28.3%), Chlorophyceae (21.9%), Chrysophyceae and Dinophyceae (7.8%) each. Higher species was recorded in station 1 and 2, while station 5 had the least. Species Anacystis cyanae was the most dominant species, accounted for 3.74% of total population, followed by Goeocapsa minima and Micrasterias foliacea (3.46%) each. The findings revealed that the water body is polluted owing to anthropogenic activities within the estuary.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Nweke I. A., Ekwealor K. U., Nnabude P. C., Nworji M. J., Ngonadi E. N., Ibe K. G..
Page No : 46-53
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Ecological Survey of Plant Species in two Contrasting Management Systems of Watershed Ecosystem
Abstract
Ecological characteristics of managed and unmanaged systems of watershed were evaluated in Amawbia southeast Nigeria. Measuring tape and pegs were used to map out an area of 1400m2 (35mx40m) in the two experimental sites. Random sampling method was applied and two coordinate AB (35m) and BC (40m) were erected in the two-study area. Quadrat method of sampling was used for counting of the species. Result from the study showed that managed plot of the watershed recorded a population of 62 individual trees and shrubs with 84 individual weeds which were mostly broad leaf. There were three individual trees in the unmanaged plots and weed population of 189 individual species which was dominated by Imperata cylindrica with highest density in the upper slopes (slope 1and slope 2). Trees and shrubs retain the basic restorative attributes of the bush fallow through nutrient recycling, fertility regeneration and weed suppression and when combined with arable cropping possess the potential to allow the farmer to crop the land for an extended period as the processes occur concurrently on the same land.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Titus Ekom, Eyugu Affan Sule, Osu Danjuma Job.
Page No : 54-61
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Land Use Conversion and its Implication on the Environment in Lafia, Nasarawa State
Abstract
The study was aimed on land use conversion and its implication on Lafia environment with the purpose of examining the characteristics as it affects the original design of the master plan of Lafia. Data were collected from respondents; a total of 400 people were sampled using questionnaires administration by employing systematic sampling method. Data retrieved was analysed using the SPSS (D. 20) to determine the significance differences between the land uses conversions in the study area. From the analysis, most of the land conversion is from agricultural and residential to commercial. Residential/commercial and only insignificance proportion of the land conversion in Lafia is outside major land conversion. Therefore, public awareness and campaign on environmental implication as well as socio – economic of land conversion should be vigorously stressed. The study recommended the creation of buffer zone on green belts which will help to increase the ecological services to the people.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Titus Ekom, Eyugu Affan Sule, Osu Danjuma Job.
Page No : 62-66
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The Reflectivity Coefficient of Concrete Surfaces within Urban Environment in Lafia Metropolis
Abstract
The natural surface in the urban area around homes are being changed to concrete land surface for two reasons – to check erosion and water logging and for beautification of the areas. These changes most especially along court yards and frontages of buildings have serious effect on the micro climate regimes of the environment. The study is aimed at studying the reflectivity of concrete surface within urban environment in Lafia. The albedo was measured using solar albedometer for one year (Jan – Dec 2019) and the result show marked diurnal and seasonal variation in the magnitude of albedo over the concrete surface. The result shows a decrease in albedo within time from morning till late afternoon. Thereafter it begins to increase. This pattern was observed for all the season. The study concluded that the low reflectivity of the character concrete surface contributes immensely to the thermal character of the urban environment. Appropriate recommendations with regard to the above process were made.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Amadi S., Omokheyeke O..
Page No : 67-74
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Abundance and Distribution of Periphyton Species in the New Calabar River, Nigeria
Abstract
Studies on the periphyton speciesin the New Calabar River were conducted in the months of March and April, 2014. The aim was to ascertain the abundance and distribution of periphyton species. The experimental approach includes: the use of the ARC GIS tool to select six geo-reference stations; a horiba water checker to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the river, the collection of scrapings from the substrates from an area of 6cm x 2cm and a light microscope to determine the periphyton. The results for physico chemical parameters ranged from 24˚C to 31˚C; 3.7 mg/L and 7.08 mg/L; 4.98 and 7.05; 2.2 mg/L – 4.14 mg/L; 10.34ppm to 2446.5ppmand 17.2µs and 2693µsfor Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Biological Oxygen Demand, Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids respectively in the six stations. Analysis of Variance show some level of variability between the physicochemical parameters tested in all stations. The Periphyton recovered was a total of five phyla, representing thirteen genera. Bacillariophyta had the highest number of genera (8) while Chlorophyta had (2), Cyanophyta (1), Dinoflagellata (1) and the cysts of zooplankton and invertebrates (1). Shannon-Wiener’s and Margalef indices revealed that station 1 had maximum diversity.Pielou’s index of evenness revealed that the species were more evenly distributed in station 5 while Station 2 recorded the lowest species evenness. This study therefore, provided information on the distribution and the abundance of periphyton communities in the Study area. However, the variation in some water quality variables and possibly substrate type may have influenced the distribution and abundance of periphyton species.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Benneth-Ikiroma I., Omokheyeke O..
Page No : 75-83
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Phytoplankton Composition and Abundance in the New Calabar River
Abstract
Studies on the microalgae of the New Calabar River were conducted in the months of March and April, 2014to ascertain the abundance and distribution of microalgae in the New Calabar River. The experimental approach was: the deployment of an ARC GIStool to select six geo-reference stations; the collection of water samples with 20µm plankton net and a light microscope to provide a quantitative account of microalgae and ahoriba water checker to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the water body. The result forphysicochemical parameters ranged from 3.70mg/l to 7.08 mg/l (dissolved oxygen); 16.95cm to 78cm (turbidity); 24.0°C to 31.0oC (temperature); 17.20µScm to 2693µScm (conductivity); 10.34ppm to 2446.5ppm (total dissolved solid);4.98 to 7.05 (pH); and 2.20mg/l to 4.14mg/l (BOD). Analysis of Variance showed some level of variability between the physicochemical parameters tested in all stations. The microalgae recovered were a total of three classes, representing twelve genera. Bacillariophyceae had the highest number of genera (9) while Cyanophyceae (2) and Dinophyceae (1). Shannon-Weiner’s and Margalef indices indicated that species diversity was maximum in station 2. Pielou’s index of evenness revealed a more evenly distribution in station 2; while the lowest species evenness occurred in station 6. This study therefore, provided information on the diversity, distribution and abundance of microalgae in the study area. However, the abundance and distribution of microalgae were influenced by physicochemical variables and biogeography of the area. Thus, a regular account of the abundance and distribution of microalgae and physicochemistry is recommended to ascertain the dynamics of microalgae with respect to the increasing anthropogenic activities in the study area.
