| 1 |
Author(s):
Kenneth Mbene, Aaron Suh Tening, Cheo Emmanuel Suh, Norbert Nkafu Fomenky.
Page No : 1-22
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The Influence of Organic Matter on Phosphorus Fixation in Soils from the Eastern Flank of Mount Cameroon
Abstract
The maximum phosphate fixation (KF) and phosphorus sorption capacity (PSC) of soil samples collected from the surface and sub-surface horizons of five volcanic soil profiles from the eastern flank of Mount Cameroon were investigated before and after organic matter removal. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of soil organic matter (OM) on phosphorus (P) fixation. The removal of soil OM from the soil samples was accomplished by the use of sodium hypochlorite. Phosphorus fixation studies were performed on the treated and untreated soil samples using calcium chloride as the background electrolyte. Fixation data were interpreted with Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The results indicated that the removal of OM had an influence on both KF and PSC. Removal of soil OM decreased PSC and increased KF for all soils. The inhibition of aluminium oxide and the reduction of soil surface area after the removal of OM were the justifications for the increase in P fixation.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Bichi A. A., Abdulkadir M., Hassan M. B., Kanoma M. S., Halliru S. L., Muhammad A. S..
Page No : 23-45
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Demographic Characteristics of Rice Farmers and its Effects on Rice Production in Kura Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria
Abstract
The study examines the Demographic Characteristics of Rice Farmers and its Effects on Rice Production in Kura Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. The different demographic characteristics of farmers which includes various socio-economic status of rice farmers is hypothesized to have significant impact on the farmers life style including the farming activities. Survey design approach was adopted using primary data source. Four hundred questionnaire were administered across the 10 wards / rice farming communities in Kura LGA using purposive stratified sampling frame. The data was subjected to descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. It was discovered that the literacy level of respondents is low; the highest percentage (39.3%) attained only secondary school as their highest educational qualification; whereas only 20% attained tertiary educational status. This could be attributed to the availability of job opportunities in the rice farming (both rainfed and irrigated) which attract the youths to venture immediately after completing their secondary education, thereby hindering them from furthering education. It is recommended among others that the rice farmers should always be encouraged to further their education through many strategies including awareness campaign.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Sanni Eshovo Blessing, Mohammed Musa Musa, Momoh Shaka Dalanmi, Oyemi Osikwemhe Gregory.
Page No : 46-66
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Application of Geophysical Technique in Delineation of Marble Deposit in Ikpeshi, Edo, Nigeria
Abstract
The increasing demand for mineral substances and the need to maintain the current consumption pattern require constant research for new deposits or studies to expand exploration reserves. A geophysical technique was employed in the delineation of this mineral deposit. The results obtained in each VES have three geo-electric layers, which comprise clay/clayey-sand (81.8 – 155.7 Ωm), Sand (101.8 – 380.4 Ωm) and marble (1019 – 4419 Ωm) horizon units. The geologic section was deduced from borehole log data acquired within the study area. All the surveyed locations show traces of the existence of marble deposits in the area. The study revealed occurrences of marble deposits in the study area, which will be of economic importance if exploited. The reserve tonnage was calculated to be about 1.69 x 10⁶ tons. This estimate signifies that there is a fair reserve of marble within the study portion of the location.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Chibuogwu I.U., Ugwu G.Z..
Page No : 67-87
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Investigating the Susceptibility of Tunnel Erosion in Southern Nigeria using Integrated Geophysical Methods
Abstract
There has been a growing incidence of soil subsidence in various regions of Anambra State, located in southern Nigeria. These subsidence events primarily stem from the formation of natural tunnels or soil pipes within the subsurface. To delve deeper into this issue, the present study employed two geophysical techniques, namely the Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) method and the Electric Resistivity Method utilizing the Dipole-Dipole array. These methods were utilized to investigate the characteristics and spatial distribution of soil pipes at two specific sites: Awka Site 1 and Awka Site 2, both situated within Anambra State, Nigeria. On each profile of the VLF-EM, the inphase and outphase were collected using the Abem Wadi Meter after a confirmed connection to the external satellite, while nine dipole-dipole profiles were carried on the same location. The data analysis from the VLF-EM survey reveals that a significant portion (80%) of the low conducting zones observed in the pseudosection originates from the top of the profile, indicating a downward trend in the formation of soil piping. The VLF-EM result also inferred that the subsurface voids in the study areas extend vertically downward up to 10 meters, with an average horizontal extension exceeding 0.5 meters. This highlights the extensive spatial reach of the subsurface voids and emphasizes their potential impact on the surrounding environment. The dipole-dipole survey conducted in the study area identified six distinct structures, with the eroded formation being particularly noteworthy. This structure, characterized by resistivity ranging from 1200–30000 Ωm, plays a significant role in creating favorable conditions for soil piping. Furthermore, the presence of strong dispersive soils increases the likelihood of soil piping occurrences within this structure. KEYWORDS: Soil Piping; Tunnel Erosion; Erosion, Soil Subsidence, VLF-EM, Dipole-Dipole, Resistivity, Conductivity, Dispersion.
| 5 |
Author(s):
M. A. Abdulqadir, A.M. Babayo, U. M. Bashir.
Page No : 88-99
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An Overview of Eco-Friendly Centers in Savannahs: A Case of Bauchi Metropolis Fitness Centers, Bauchi State
Abstract
Eco-friendly buildings and construction techniques have taken center stage as a trend that is here to stay. From sustainable home buildings to billion-dollar commercial developments, eco-friendly buildings are becoming a norm; they require fewer natural resources and produce fewer greenhouse emissions and waste. The study is aimed at highlighting on different criteria to be adopted in the provision of a well-designed fitness center capable of promoting safe and standard environment for fitness activity. A qualitative research methodology was used for the study to allow for research triangulation and wide range of data collection. The instruments of data collection used for the study include interviews, visual surveys and observation at the respective case studies selected for the study. The research found out that there is no application of features of eco-friendly building in all the selected cases studied, which resulted in non-marketability of the centers. It was also found that there is no any special or dedicated facility which adequately meets the design requirements of the fitness center in any of the selected case studies. Therefore, the study recommended feasible features to be incorporated in the design and construction of sustainable fitness centers.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Edidiong Asuquo Enoh, Patrick Agwu Ogwo , Emmanuel Attah Ubuoh.
Page No : 100-108
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Impact of Particulate Matter as an Air Quality Pollutant Released from Quarry Activities in Akamkpa, Cross River State, Nigeria
Abstract
This study examines the impact of particulate matter (PM2.5) and (PM10) as an air quality pollutant released from quarry operations at a quarry site in Akamkpa, Cross River State, Nigeria. Rock quarrying is the practice of obtaining quarry materials, typically rocks, from above or below land surfaces and crushing or grinding them into fragments to produce various rock sizes. For air quality assessment, concentrations of the air pollutants were measured at different locations within and around the quarry site, from a height of 1.5m above ground level. Highly sensitive digital portable meter was used for the measurement of PM2.5 and PM10. The Inverse Distance Weighted model (IDW) tool in ArcGIS was used to perform a spatial interpolation analysis on the data measured from the field monitoring during the dry and wet seasons. The findings indicate that during the dry season, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations ranged from 292µg/m3 to 127.33µg/m3 and from 377.67µg/m3 to 222.67µg/m3 respectively, while during the wet season, they ranged from 239.67µg/m3 to 92.00µg/m3 and from 276.33µg/m3 to 124µg/m3. The findings suggest that residents of the study area should limit their exposure, especially during the dry season.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Ajie Maduabuchukwu Prince Ajie Maduabuchukwu Prince (Ph.D), Ochogba Chukwumela Obulor (Ph.D), Bassey Imaobong Sunday.
Page No : 109-119
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An Assessment of Workshop Practices for Sustainable Youth Empowerment in Welding and Fabrication Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area, Rivers State
Abstract
This study assessed workshop practices for sustainable youth empowerment in welding and fabrication small and medium scale enterprises in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area, Rivers State. Specifically, this study sought to assess safety, facility maintenance and record keeping practices for sustainable youth empowerment in welding and fabrication small and medium scale enterprises in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area, Rivers State. This study adopted descriptive survey design. The population of this study comprised 15 mechanical technology lecturers and 29 mechanical technology final year students in Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku which is the only tertiary institution in the study area. The population was manageable and was used for the study, therefore, there was no sampling method adopted. Three objectives were formulated, answered and tested at .05 level of significance. The instrument used for this study was a survey questionnaire. The instrument was face validated by two mechanical technology lecturers in Federal College of Education (Technical) Omoku and it was tested for reliability using Cronbach Alpha Reliability Coefficient method. A reliability value of .82 was obtained. Mean with Standard Deviation were used to answer the research questions while t-test statistical tools was used to test the hypotheses. This study found among others that wearing safety equipment, assessing the functionality of tools before usage, Provision of waste bin to gather tiny scraps in the workshop, lubricating of engines parts and tools, keeping tools away from moist environment, taking record of tools used and scheduled of maintenance, among others are workshop practices for sustainable youth empowerment in welding and fabrication small and medium scale enterprises in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area. Therefore, it was recommended that local government leaders should as a matter of fact organize seminars for welding and fabrication artisans in the study area.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Tarbo K., Ekweozor I.K.E..
Page No : 120-131
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Bioremediation Potential of Duckweed (Lemna paucicostata) on Wastewater from a Mechanic Workshop, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Abstract
Wastewater pollution and its bioremediation remain a major challenge in urban areas. Lemna paucicostata were exposed to wastewater containing some amount of used engine oil in a four-week relative static bioassay. The physicochemical characteristics of the wastewater were determined using standard methods. The results obtained from the experiment showed that L. paucicostata was able to purify and concentrate nutrients from the wastewater. The efficacy of purification was manifested in the results where the total hydrocarbon content reduced from 8.15% - 4.00% over the period. Turbidity also reduced from 66.7% - 23.08%; biochemical oxygen demand reduced from 70.00% - 14.29%. Phosphate and nitrate also reduced from 34.59% - 12.09% and 39.74% - 11.92%, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids increased from 22.92% - 73.16% and 2.90% - 14.39% respectively, over the periods. The temperature slightly changed from 29.3oC to 29.5oC. The pH also changed slightly from 7.00 – 7.50, making the wastewater slightly alkaline. Slightly alkaline conditions enhance overall hydrocarbon biodegradation in wastewater. However, prolonged exposure of L. paucicostata led to its mortality especially in the higher concentrations of hydrocarbons. Percentage mortality increased with concentrations and period of exposure, from 10% to 60% at the 3rd week and from 20% to 80% at the 4th week. Lethal concentration (LC50) of 14.60ppm was noticed at the 3rd week, while LC50 of 12.60ppm was noticed at the 4th week. The effectiveness of this algae, L. paucicostata, on the bioremediation of wastewater is not only of scientific but also of economic and social importance.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Okoro L.O., Ugwu G.Z., Onyishi G.E..
Page No : 132-142
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Interpretation of High-Resolution Airborne Radiometric Data Over Part of Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria
Abstract
Airborne radiometric data of part of Lower Benue Trough of Nigeria were interpreted quantitatively to determine the relative abundance of natural radioactive elements of Uranium (U), Thorium (Th) and Potassium (K) in the area. The observed count rate for Uranium, Thorium and Potassium in the study area were 0.8−6.8 ppm, 4.3−23.2 ppm and 0.09−0.63 % respectively. A ternary image of the radio-elements showed that the northern parts of Dekina and Soko have low concentrations of the three radionuclides whereas high concentration of the three radionuclides were noted at the northern part of Angba, southern part of Dekina and the western part of Ankpa. The ternary map also showed that Potassium in comparison to Uranium and Thorium in the study area is more abundant around the Angba area. The result of the radioelement maps and radiometric ratio maps revealed the presence of shale, feldspar, gabbro, granite and amphibolite in the study area. These mineral deposits could serve as raw materials for industries in Nigeria if harnessed.
| 10 |
Author(s):
Dr. Daburum Nanle Hosea, Dr. Mallo Yohanna Iliya, Akila Simdet.
Page No : 143-157
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Assessment of Background and Soil Dumpsites Radioactivity in Plateau State, Nigeria
Abstract
Assessment of background and dumpsites radioactivity level plays a significant role in the protection of man from excessive radiation exposure. Exposure to high radiation level causes a wide range of health problems such as cancer of the lung, bone and skin, kidney ailments and blood infections. The background radiation levels of 51 selected dumpsites (3 in each LGA) were obtained at 1m above it using a well-calibrated International Medicom CRM-100 Digital Radiation Monitor. Soil samples were also collected, packed, prepared and analysed with Gamma ray Spectrometer [NaI (Tl) detector].The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in this study 61.93±5.90Bq kg-1,123.37±34.05 Bqkg-1 and 276.54±62.44 Bqkg-1 respectively. The mean absorbed dose, AEDE(outdoor) and ELCR in the state has the value of 111 nGyh-1, 0.13 mSv/hr and 0.45 x 10-3 which are greater than the world average value of 58 nGy h-1, 0.07 mSv/hr and 0.29 x 10-3 respectively. The mean background radiation of the dumpsites recorded in Plataeu state was 204 nGy h-1 with the outdoor AEDE of 0.25 mSv/yr and ELCR of 0.88 x 10-3 . These values are greater than the world average. The results obtained for the background radiation are higher than those from the radionuclides analysis. The study revealed that the health risks associated with the radionuclide concentrations of soil dumpsites and the background radiation are relatively high and the use of dumps as manure and other re-cycling processes therefore raises radiological concern.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Ndibe Lucy, Ndibe Gilbert, Professor Patrick Ogwo.
Page No : 158-168
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Abundance and Seasonal Variation Of Microplastics Detected in Edible Fish Sold in Lagos State, Nigeria
Abstract
The global incidence of microplastics pollution is raising safety concerns on the consumption of seafood by humans. This study investigated the seasonal variation of microplastics detected in fish sold for human consumption in Lagos State, Nigeria. A total of 150 fish samples consisting of 3 commercially important fish species, namely: Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) n=25, Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) n=25 and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) n=25 sold for human consumption were purchased from fishermen from 3 sites in Lagos State during the dry season from 22nd January to 7th February 2020 and during the rainy season from 13th to 25th July, 2020. The stomach contents of the fish were analyzed for the presence and characterization of microplastics. The identified microplastics were categorized according to their abundance, sizes, shapes, types, and colours using Dissecting Microscopes and FTIR. Microplastics particles were detected in all samples studied from all locations in both seasons, with the highest level of microplastics abundance detected during the rainy seasons. Highest microplastics abundance was detected in catfish (4.68 microplastics particles per individuals) during the rainy season in Badagry and 5-Cowries Creeks and the least detected in Red Snapper (0.72 microplastics particles per individuals) in Epe and Badagry during the dry season. Majority of the detected microplastics were fiber-shaped, followed by fragments. The least microplastics shape was foam. The most common color of microplastics during both the wet and dry seasons was grey/white (25.0%) while pink (2%) was the least dominant colour. The size of the ingested microplastics ranged from 2.03 mm to 4.86mm during the dry season while the particle sizes found in the species during the rainy season ranged from 1.49mm to 4.95mm. The results of FTIR-ATR analysis indicated that polyethylene (PE) was the most abundant in both seasons. The findings from this study raises concerns on the implication of microplastics on food safety.
| 12 |
Author(s):
Gabriel Godday Oloche, Mohammed Musa Musa, Daniel Yankari, Ali Amina, Ahmad Khalid.
Page No : 169-178
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Delineation of Leachate Zones Around a Dumpsite Using 2D Resistivity Method: A Case Study of Sabon Gari, Bauchi State, Nigeria
Abstract
The electrical resistivity method was employed to delineate leachate zones in Sabon Gari, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria. This involved the use of the 2D resistivity technique in specific locations within the study area. Two profile datasets were collected using the Wenner array with an Ohmega resistivity meter, covering a maximum distance of 100 meters. Subsequently, the 2D data obtained underwent interpretation through Res2Dinv and Surfer 11 software. The interpreted models revealed a leachate zone in profile 1, extending from a depth of 2 meters to 14 meters. In profile 2, the interpreted models displayed low resistivity in the topsoil due to the presence of water and ions in rock-bearing minerals, resulting in low resistivity from a depth of 1 meter to 12 meters. Notably, when this resistivity becomes exceptionally low (ranging from 0.47 Ωm to 7.10 Ωm), it indicates water contamination. In the event that drilling a borehole in the vicinity is deemed necessary, it is advisable to seal the near-surface water to prevent its infiltration into the borehole.
| 13 |
Author(s):
Muyang Rosaline Fosah, Ndjouondo Gildas Parfait, Mbouobda Hermann Desire, Modest Berinyuy Ngoran.
Page No : 179-191
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Farmer’s Perception on the Use of Beneficial Microorganism Fertilizer for the Growth of Crops in the Northwest Region of Cameroon
Abstract
Agricultural production mainly depends on the nature of soil, which is a measure of a complex set of biological, chemical and physical interactions driven by microorganisms. Crop production has been declining due to low soil fertility, disease and pests. The main objective of this research was to investigate farmer’s perception on the use of effective microorganism fertilizers for crop production in the North West region of Cameroon. The descriptive survey method was used. Farmers were randomly sampled at the main shop where one of such biofertilizers (Effective microorganism, EM) is obtained in the North West. The sample size was 100 farmers. Data were collected through the administration of questionnaires and visits to some fields. Results showed that 79% of the respondents used microorganism fertilizers. The significant factors influencing the adoption of microorganism fertilizers included age (54%), type of farmer (65%), cost and income from using organic fertilizers (66%), belonging to farmers based organization (54%) and the benefits of the microorganism where many respondents stated that microorganism fertilizer increased yield and also improve the fertility of the soil (40%). The most pressing constraint associated with the use of effective microorganisms fertilizer was offensive odor. There is the need for consumer sensitization on the potential benefits of growing and consuming organically grown crops. This could expand the demand for organically grown crops and the willingness of consumers to pay premium prices and hence increase organic production by farmers.
| 14 |
Author(s):
Vitah Janet Patrick, Prof. U.A. Jalam, U.M. Bashir, Joel Masoyi.
Page No : 192-203
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Wastewater Management in Tomato Factories
Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is a globally consumed vegetable with a significant role in the food industry. In 2021, global tomato production exceeded 189.1 million metric tons, emphasizing its economic importance. This research delves into the challenges posed by wastewater generated during tomato processing and explores sustainable strategies for managing it. Case studies were conducted in tomato processing plants in California, Kadawa (Kura LGA, Kano State), and Kumo (Gombe State) to assess their wastewater management practices. The findings revealed a lack of uniform wastewater collection systems in the studied factories, highlighting the need for improved environmental sustainability. As Bauchi State's population and industrialization grow, addressing the wastewater issue becomes increasingly urgent. Inadequate wastewater management can have detrimental effects on human health, water supplies, and the environment. To mitigate these challenges, this study proposes the integration of sustainable techniques in tomato processing factories. The objectives include quantifying wastewater generation, designing a functional factory layout applicable to other food processing industries, and creating a factory design that promotes sustainable water use. Site selection criteria were established, focusing on accessibility, labor availability, utilities, expansion potential, topography, and environmental impact. After a thorough evaluation, a site in Hardawa, Misau Local Government Area of Bauchi State, was identified as the most suitable location for the proposed tomato processing factory. The factory's design brief includes provisions for production facilities, administrative blocks, and worker facilities. Space requirements were determined based on the anticipated activities within each section. The proposed design emphasizes water harvesting and recycling to reduce wastewater generation and promote sustainability. In conclusion, this research underscores the importance of addressing wastewater management in tomato processing factories. By implementing sustainable design principles, factories can minimize environmental impact, enhance operational efficiency, and demonstrate commitment to ethical business practices. The proposed design offers a comprehensive solution to the wastewater challenge, ensuring compliance with environmental standards and safeguarding natural resources. Recommendations include collaboration between factory management and government authorities, the adoption of sustainable design approaches in future tomato processing facilities, and the allocation of resources for ongoing maintenance. Embracing these recommendations will contribute to more responsible and environmentally conscious tomato processing practices.
| 15 |
Author(s):
Kyari Muhammadu Habibullah, Musa Hamza, Maimuna Sani Umar.
Page No : 204-215
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The Urban Public Park of 21st Century: Challenges and Prospectives
Abstract
The negligence of adequate planning and development of urban public parks in Nigeria is a huge setback to cities achieving maximum utilization in their social, economic, physical, and environmental sectors. This is coupled with many other managerial problems in maintaining the few available ones; and as such it has led to the gradual decay of the nation’s public parks in urban centres and, hence reduced their benefit to the built environment. The garden has become a part of our daily lives. It has become increasingly important since the 18th and 19th centuries. Parks in the city have begun to be abandoned and city dwellers are more comfortable spending their time in the countryside away from the hustle and bustle of the city. However, since the end of the 20th century, urban residents have begun to realize the importance of urban parks in their daily lives. They have begun to realize the importance of a quality environment and life. To meet these changing needs and wants, it is important to re-evaluate the construction of our city's public parks by looking at their true function in meeting the needs of life, environment, and socio-culture of the users. An open-ended questionnaire administered with twenty-one participants (regular users of public urban parks), reviews the literature on the general need for developing urban parks in Nigeria and critically examines the planning, development designs, and the important facilities and management procedures for urban parks. The result of this study will ensure dignity and remove the intrigues attracted to implementing urban renewal and regional planning programs and it will ensure the sustainability of every urban park project in Nigeria. These benefits include general beauty, healthy lifestyles, increased leisure activities, communal interaction and preservation of natural systems, and maximizing abandoned land spaces.
| 16 |
Author(s):
Nwawuike Nnawugwu, Nwosu Oluchi U., Amanze Chika T., Ukabiala Maduabuchi E..
Page No : 216-230
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Ecological Risk Assessment of Crude Oil Impacted Farmland Soils: A Case Study of Ohaji/Egbema in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Abstract
The study assessed the impact of crude oil on farmland soils in Ohaji Egbema. Farmlands used for this study are farms that were indirectly impacted through overland flow and acid rain. A total of 42 farmland soil samples were used for this study. The farmland soil samples were collected at a depth range of 0 - 10 cm using a hand trowel through random sampling. The samples were air dried for 72 hours before laboratory analysis for arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The results obtained show that heavy metals in farmland soils at different locations in Ohaji/Egbema varied in both concentration and trend. The observed trends at different locations are: Cd>As>Ni>Cr>Pb for Mmahu, Abaezi, Abacheke and Awarra while for Assa and Obitti, it is Cd>Ni>As>Cr>Pb. To establish the extent the farmland soils were polluted, contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) were applied. Results of the Cf showed that Ni, Cr and Pb had low contamination, As had moderate contamination while Cd had high contamination in the farmland soils with a range of 155.15 - 206.87 and Cd of 1242.72. The Igeo for Cd ranged from 31.13 to 41.52, an indication of extreme contamination. The associated potential ecological risks were assessed using potential contamination index (PCI), ecological risk factor (Eri) and ecological risk index (RI). It was found that Cd had PCI ranging from 155.22 - 198.51, Eri range of 4654.44 - 6206.11 and RI of 37311.56. This indicates that the farmland soils of Ohaji/Egbema are highly contaminated with Cd and exposed to severe ecological risk.
| 17 |
Author(s):
Louis Tersoo Abiem, Tertsea Igbawua.
Page No : 231-247
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Environmental Factors and the Performance of PV Panels: An Experimental Investigation
Abstract
With the increase in demand for renewable energy, photovoltaic (PV) panels have emerged as a major alternative for harvesting solar energy. However, the efficiency and performance of PV panels are inextricably related to environmental conditions. This study examined the effect of ambient variables on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) panels. Through controlled tests, the researchers investigated critical environmental parameters such as sun irradiance, temperature, wind speed, humidity, and dust deposition. Modern sensors and data-gathering methods were used to monitor how these variables affected PV panel output. Statistical tools were used to determine the relationship between environmental factors and PV panel efficiency. The findings showed a clear relationship between environmental variables and PV panel performance. Solar irradiance was recognized as a major indicator for energy generation, while temperature had complex implications on current output. Wind speed, relative humidity, and dust deposition were discovered to have discernible detrimental effects on panel performance. This study adds to the increasing knowledge about PV systems by highlighting the complex links between ambient conditions and panel efficiency. The findings highlight the importance of site-specific considerations in building and running PV installations to ensure optimal energy output and system longevity. The article's results have practical consequences for both the solar energy sector and researchers, leading to the development of ways to improve PV panel performance and contribute to the sustainable energy landscape.
