| 1 |
Author(s):
Ronald Byaruhanga, Lena Andersson, Kaymarlin Govender.
Page No : 1-17
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Hegemonic Masculinity and Risky Sexual Behaviours in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
Abstract
This study assessed the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and HIV risky behaviours among men in UMgungundlovu district, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Methodology: The data was collected through a cross-sectional survey where 10,000 households were approached using a structured questionnaire, but only 3,895 men were considered for this study due to data completeness. Both descriptive and regression analyses were employed in data analysis using Stata 16. Results: The largest group of participants were aged 20-24 years (23%), had incomplete education (50%), no income (60%), always lived in the community (62.5%), were not away from home (91.7%), and were separated but still legally married (85.4%). In the regression analysis, only sex after drinking (β=0.54, P=0.025) and non-use of condoms (β=-0.37, P=0.005; β=-0.48, P=0.004) were significantly associated with masculinity norms. Conclusion: Hegemonic masculinity is associated with risky behaviours, incredibly sex after drinking and non-condom use, and safe male circumcision is a modifier to this relationship.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Fedelis Lekeaka Alemnge, Achu Ruth Meshi.
Page No : 18-46
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Focus on Teaching Methods and Materials in Teachers’ Implementation of the History Syllabus Content: An Assessment of Learner Competency in Form Five Classes of Government Bilingual Grammar School, Buea
Abstract
The successful development of suitably identified skills, knowledge and attitudes for use in solving real life problems in competence driven syllabuses is mediated by carefully selected contents and activities based on teaching and learning materials appropriate to generate the required experiences from manipulation by leaners. In this light, curriculum developers of the secondary school curriculum for Cameroon proposed certain contents for history, and identified and prescribed teaching materials susceptible to assist learners develop certain pre-determined competences encapsulated as learning outcomes of the syllabus. Given the first five years of the implementation of the syllabus, little in terms of research has been carried out to determine the degree to which the contents and teaching materials are helping learners to acquire the expected competences. This study thus examined teachers’ teaching of the subject content and use of the prescribed teaching materials in relation to how they foster students’ development of the competences. The study adopted a case study design. The study population was teachers and students of Bilingual Grammar school Molyko, Buea. The sample population was made up of 3 Form Five history teachers and 210 Form Five history students. The sample school was selected using the convenience sampling technique, while the participants were selected using the purposive sampling procedure. A focused group discussion schedule, and a classroom observation checklist were used to collect data for the study. The data collected from the focused group discussions were analyzed using thematic analysis, while the data collected from classroom observations were analyzed by simply counting the number of classes where a particular toll was used. Findings indicated that topics were not usually taught and those taught were ineffectively taught. Similarly, the prescribed teaching materials were scarcely used in teaching, and those used were poorly used. Therefore, teachers’ lack of mastery of subject contents and teaching materials negatively affected learners’ ability to develop competences. It was recommended that the education authorities implement a robust in-service development programme to enable teachers develop mastery of the contents, and use them appropriately in facilitating the learning in history.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Bedive Chapajog Forchap, Ghyslaine Bruna Djeunang Dongho, Armand Tiotsia Tsapi, Gianluca Russo, Martin Sanou Sobze.
Page No : 47-58
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Challenges Faced by People Living with HIV (PLWHIV) in the Dschang Health District, Cameroon
Abstract
Background: Regarding the 2011 – 2015 world AIDS day, stating that, Zero AIDS related Deaths, Zero new infections and Zero stigma and discrimination by 2020. How can this target be met in the mist of HIV related challenges? This is a negative stimulus on the public health sector to forge things towards the positive direction to better reduce these challenges. Objectives: This led to the necessity of this project, which at the end it permitted the determination of challenge faced by PLWHIV in the Dschang health district. Material and methods: This study was purely a qualitative research using conventional content analysis. Data collection was through in-depth interviews, and participating observation. Data was collected till saturation point and analyzed by thematic analysis. Results: In a general manner we have proofed that despite the interventions, PLWHIV in the Dschang health district are still facing challenges like stigma and discrimination, rejection, non-adherence to treatment, risky behaviours for infection, socioeconomic difficulties and nondisclosure which are barrier to PMTCT and ART. Support group was found to be a good coping strategy. Recommendations: Support groups for PLWHIV should be offered as a fundamental part of HIV services.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Theophilus Ehidiamen Oamen.
Page No : 59-72
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COVID-19 Pandemic and Impact on Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives’ Operations in West Africa: A Socio-Demographic Case Study of Nigeria
Abstract
Global economy and economic operations have been devastated due to COVID-19 pandemic. Health personnel, products and services are in higher demand now more than ever. The pharmaceutical supply chain has not been spared by COVID-19 effects, either. Pharmaceutical sales representatives are integral to an effective supply chain for healthcare products and services. Hence, the level of impact on pharmaceutical sales representatives (PSRs) operations’ need to be investigated. The study adopted a quantitative research technique. Questionnaires were administered to 226 PSRs across the six (6) geo-political zones in Nigeria, namely-North-Central, North-East, North-West, South-East, South-South and South-West. Purposive sampling technique was used. Data collected was analysed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used to analyse data. Majority of respondents had knowledge of main COVID-19 symptoms and used social media platforms in their operations. Relationships exist between the type of firm and responses to questions on impacts on staff strength reduction, salary payment, and agreement with government directive on movement restrictions (p<0.01). 60.3% of PSRs’ had constant wages and 31.2% had reduced wages as a result of lockdown in Nigeria. Annual income brackets of < US$5,300 to 6,850 were least impacted by lockdown due to Covid. Study suggests overall low impact of COVID lockdown on operations and income of pharmaceutical sales representatives in Nigeria.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Kunnuji Michael O. N., Eshiet Idongesit, Bishwajit Ghose, Temitope J. Owolabi, Yaya Sanni.
Page No : 73-86
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Africa’s Demographic Structure and Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals 1 – 3
Abstract
The progress of African countries towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is uneven, with the Northern African countries and small island states taking the lead. Little is known about the influence of population size, growth, urbanization, age structure/dependency ratio on SDGs 1 – 3, which border on eradication of poverty, hunger and access to healthcare for all. We analysed the relationship between these population-related variables and SDGs 1-3 at the country level, using data extracted from two sources: The United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs’ 2017 World Population Prospects, and the Sustainable Development Goals Center for Africa & Sustainable Development Solutions Network 2018 publication – Africa SDG Index and Dashboards Report. Using correlation and multiple regression analyses, we found population growth rate, urbanization and fertility to significantly predict indicators of SDGs 1-3 among African countries. High fertility is associated with a low proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel and high maternal and child mortality. Urbanization is associated with a reduced proportion of the population living in poverty and hunger. The results show that population growth rate is negatively associated with maternal and child mortality. We discussed the implications of the findings for achieving SDGs 1-3 and recommended a multi-level approach to helping African countries achieve these goals.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Francis Akena Adyanga, Marus Eton, Ayiga Natal.
Page No : 87-102
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The Discourse of Non-Citizens Expulsion Reinvigorated: Examination of Racial Undertones in Asians Expulsion from Uganda in 1972
Abstract
The expulsion of non-citizens from countries around the globe is not a new phenomenon. In Africa, there have been numerous documented and undocumented cases after the continent acquired political independence in the 1960’s. In the critical antiracist study, forceful expulsion of citizens of another country may constitute racism. However, our position in this paper is that expulsion of non-citizens for the interest of the host country is not necessarily a racial act. It is on this basis that we examine the expulsion of Asians from Uganda in 1972 and argue that the act, at the basic level of bigotry analysis may not have constituted racism. However, categorizing the Asians population in Uganda by then, the main argument in this paper justifies the expulsion for certain groups on one hand. But on the other hand, we admonish the Uganda government for collective expulsion of the Asians whose ancestors were brought in the country in the late 19th century to build the Uganda railway. Furthermore, the paper argues that as much as many of the Asians were second or third generations having been born in Uganda and were legal citizens, they do not fall within the category of indigenous population. Therefore, their expulsion based on indigeneity and correcting economic imbalance by then is racially unbiased and defensible.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Adeleke Olumide Ogunnoiki, Ademola Adefisayo Adeyemi.
Page No : 103-121
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United States Foreign Policy on Iran’s Nuclear Programme: From Bush to Trump Administration
Abstract
The Islamic Republic of Iran is a sovereign state strategically sitting astride the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the Middle East. In the late 1950s, the United States was of great assistance to Iran in starting its nuclear programme for peaceful purposes. But in the 1990s, Iran secretly began to build nuclear facilities which an exiled opposition group disclosed to the world in 2002. The revelation added to the fear of the United States and some European and Middle Eastern countries that Iran intends to have nuclear weapons or at least the capability to make them. Hence, the United States under President George W. Bush Jnr pursued a foreign policy aimed at reining Iran’s uranium enrichment. This goal, to a large extent, was achieved following the conclusion of the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) during President Barack Obama’s administration. Unfortunately, his successor, President Donald Trump, pulled the United States out of the said nuclear deal in 2018. This paper examines United States foreign policy on Iran’s nuclear programme from January 2002 to January 2021. For the study, the historical approach was adopted, and data were collected from secondary sources. The paper concludes that the United States is back to square one vis-à-vis its foreign policy on Iran’s nuclear programme.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Sabboh Godwin Matthew, Olugbade Damola.
Page No : 122-133
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Influence of Teaching Styles and Parental Bonding on Academic Boredom among Undergraduates in Oyo State, Nigeria
Abstract
The study examines academic boredom and its antecedents among undergraduates in Oyo state. The study adopted a survey research design. The participants in the study were 250 (male = 107, female = 143) undergraduates from three selected universities in Oyo state. Their age ranged between 16 years and 26 years with a mean age of 16.83. Three valid and reliable instruments were used in teaching styles, parental bonding and academic boredom. Inferential statistics of Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation and multiple regression were used to analyse the data at 0.05 level of significance. The result revealed that there was a significant relationship between teaching styles and academic boredom teaching styles and academic boredom (r = 210, p<0.05) and parental bonding (r = 331 p<0.05). It was also revealed that teaching styles and parental bonding jointly contributed 20.8% to the prediction of academic boredom. Also, teaching styles (ᵦ= -.282, t = -4.553; p< 0.05 and parental bonding (ᵦ= .255, t = 3.807; p< 0.05) were potent predictors of academic boredom. Consequently, it was recommended that parents should ensure that there is a strong bonding between them and their children and/wards as this would make the students to ask for those educational materials they need in school, and this would propel them to have more interest in school work and consequently boredom will be eradicated.
