| 1 |
Author(s):
Oyarekua M.A., Oni K.O., Sanni T.A..
Page No : 1-16
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Evaluation of Nutrition Properties of Co-Fermented Maize/ Carrot/ Pigeon Pea and Millet/ Sweet Potato/ Pigeon Pea as Infant Complementary Food
Abstract
Infant Malnutrition in Nigeria can be attributed to poor nutritional quality of cereals like maize and millet that are mostly fermented and processed to gruel for infant’s consumption. Nigerians under-utilize Pigeon pea, carrots and sweet-potato as in infant complementary food despite their abundance. This study evaluated the nutritional quality of co-fermented maize/carrot/pigeon pea (MACP) and millet/sweet potato/pigeon pea (MISP) in ratio 50:20:20 as infant complementary foods. Proximate chemical composition, anti-nutritional factors, protein solubility and functional properties of MACP and MISP in terms of infant complementary food after 72hours fermentation time were analyzed using standard analytical methods. Statistical analyses all experiments were conducted in triplicate. A one-way analysis of variance was performed with P 0.05) energy value than the recommended 4kcal/g (on dry matter basis). Carbohydrate and dietary fiber values met the required values based on average breast milk intake. In anti-nutritional factors: TA( 2.05-1.10), Phenol( 1.02-0.48), Saponin ( 2.25- 2.36), Alkaloid (1.15-1.12), Flavanoid ( 0.35-0.28) Phytin(4.35-5.03) , Oxalate (0.68-0.81) and Cyanide(1.27-1.28). The antinutritional factors significantly (p0<05) reduced in sample MISP than in MACP. MACP sample had higher PS% in the pH range of 1-4, and significantly higher (p0<05) in the pH range of 10-12. While MISP had higher PS% in the pH range of 6-9. Both samples in terms of functional properties could be useful in structural interactions in foods, flavor retention, improved palatability and shelf life extension. In terms of general acceptability sample MACP was preferred while MISP was preferred in terms of color. The sample MACP was more enhanced in amino acids except in tryptophan compared to MISP .KEY WORDS: co-fermentation, cereals, legumes, tuber, nutrients.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Agbana Jude Abayomi, Aliyu Abdulkabir Kolawole, Ete Adebayo Omowaiye, Emmanuel Osebeyo Seun, Oricha Moses Itopa.
Page No : 17-27
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Pleurotus Ostreatus Polyphenols Extract Based Diets Enhanced Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism Related Gene Expression in Weaned Rabbits
Abstract
Mycelium of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) contain active flavonoids that have antioxidant and suppressive cholesterolemic effects. This study was conducted to explore the mechanism and effects of dietary Pleurotus ostreatus phenolic supplementation on levels of cellular cholesterol deposition and metabolism in weaned rabbits. Twenty four (24) weaned rabbits were randomly divided into three groups with eight (8) replicates per group in a complete randomized design experiment. Rabbits were fed control diet (basal) and/or a control diet supplemented with 450 mg/kg or 900 mg/kg P. ostreatus phenolic extracts (POPE) for seven weeks. Blood and liver samples were collected to determine serum adiponectin and hepatic cholesterolic related genes. 3-hydroxyl-3 methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR) and cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (CTP7A1) mRNA levels and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1(SREBF1) were down regulated while, Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and sterol co enzyme A desaturase gene (SCD) were up regulated to decrease fat mass, serum triglycerides (TG), serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in rabbits on 450 and 900mg/kg P. ostreatus phenolic extract supplementation diets. Serum adiponectin concentration and High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased from 22.5 to 32.09 and 1.21 to 1.56 mmol/L, respectively for control and POPE based diets. The results suggested that dietary supplementation of P. ostreatus extract at 900 mg/ kg diets could improve lipid metabolism in rabbits by regulating hepatic cholesterol metabolism gene expression and optimizing fatty acid uptake and synthesis.
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Author(s):
Juan Carlos Moyano Tapia, Joffre Javier Masaquiza Aragón, Orlando Roberto Quinteros Pozo, Pablo Roberto Marini.
Page No : 28-34
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Assessment of the Sustainable Amazonian Sheep Module Using Production Efficiency Indicators
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate a Sustainable Amazonian Sheep Module (MOAS by its Spanish acronym) through productive efficiency indicators with two breeds adapted to the Ecuadorian Amazon. The Sustainable Amazonian Sheep Module (MOAS) was implemented at the Center for Amazonian Research, Postgraduate and Conservation (CIPCA) Equator. The work was carried out between October 2018 and October 2019. A total of 33 multiparous females from 36 to 60 months of age were used—of the Blackbelly breed (Group BB): 2 males and 18 females, with an average weight and standard deviation of 30 ± 1.8 kg; and of the Pelibuey breed (Group P): 15 females and 1 male, with an average weight and standard deviation of 40 ± 2 kg. Each breed occupied one hectare where they rotated throughout the evaluated year. The results obtained showed that Group BB maintained an average annual stocking rate of 20 animals and 541.1 kg ha-1, produced 176.8 kg of sheep meat/ha/year, with a stocking efficiency of 27.4%. Group P had an average annual stocking rate of 16 animals and 605.40 kg, produced 219.3 kg of sheep meat/ha/year, with a stocking efficiency of 35.5%. It is concluded that the Sustainable Amazonian Sheep Module evaluated through productive efficiency indicators was shown to be a promising complementary system to be replicated within the Amazonian agricultural systems of Ecuador.
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Author(s):
Inyang Bassey Inyang, Edim Eka James.
Page No : 35-52
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Appraisal of Major Factors Inhibiting the Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Agricultural Exporters in Nigeria
Abstract
As domestic markets become saturated with competition and less profitable, businesses around the world are rapidly expanding their operations into foreign country markets to achieve business growth. This study was designed to address the major factors inhibiting the internationalization of small and medium-sized agricultural exporters in Nigeria. It determined the major reasons for internationalization by small and medium-sized agricultural exporters; examined the effectiveness of internationalization to their performance, among other objectives. The study adopted survey-based cross-sectional research design. Primary data were obtained from 348 managers and operators of small and medium-sized agricultural exporters using a structured questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistics. The study made major findings in line with its objectives. On the basis of the findings, practical recommendations were made to guide policy-makers and players in the agricultural sector. Also, suggestions were presented to guide the trajectory and scope of similar future research.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Bolarin F.M., Akande E.A., Oke M.O..
Page No : 53-68
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Effects of Processing Methods on the Yield, Functional and Pasting Properties of “Garri Analogue” Produced from Different Varieties of Orange Flesh Sweet Potato
Abstract
Garri is a fermented, dry granular meal produced from cassava roots which is of high carbohydrate content with little of other nutrients. Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) is a root crop with high nutritional properties and so its use for “garri analogue” has been found to be of better nutritional qualities than cassava. However, considerations are yet to be given to the effect of varieties and processing variables of OFSP on the qualities of “garri analogue”. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of different varieties and processing variables of OFSP on the qualities of “garri analogue”. Three varieties of OFSP (Mother’s Delight, King J and Solo Gold) were procured from local farmers in Osun State. Two different processing parameters: fermentation time (24, 48 and 72h) and particle size (1.4, 1.8 and 2.36mm) were considered. The yield, functional properties (bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, gelatinization temperature, least gelation concentration and swelling capacity) and pasting properties of the “garri analogue” were evaluated. Data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variance and means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% level of significance. The yields for the three varieties of OFSP are 0.50, 0.60 and 0.80kg for Mother’s Delight, King J and Solo Gold respectively. Oil absorption capacity (1.40 -3.27 , 1.77 - 2.67 and 1.50 -2.77 g/100g), water absorption capacity (1.70 -4.57 , 2.17 -3.87 and 2.17 -3.87 g/100g), gelling (20.00 – 50.00 , 20.00 – 50.00 and 20.00– 50.00 g/dm3), gelatinization temperature (95.00-100.00, 94.00-100.00 and 94.00-100.00oC), swelling capacity (20.00– 50.00, 20.00– 50.00 and 20.00– 50.00 g/dm3) and bulk density (0.42 -0.53, 0.42 -0.53 and 0.42 -0.53g/ml). Peak viscosity (1.52 x102-4.59 x 102, 3.70 x102 -5.58 x 102 and 2.68 x 102-5.83 x 102 RVU), trough viscosity (1.32-3.22 x 102, 2.65x102 -3.73 x 102 and 1.82. x 102-5.62 x 102 RVU), breakdown viscosity (13.6-1.37 x 102, 1.03 x 102 -93.14 x 102 and 21.64 x 102 -1.14 x 102 RVU), final viscosity (2.09-5.16 x 102, 4.30 x 102 -5.28 x 102 and 2.82 x 102 -6.00 x 102 RVU), setback viscosity (76.72-2.07 x 102, 1.27 x 102 -1.89 x 102 and 1.10 x 102 – 2.36 x 102 RVU), peak time (5.01-6.11, 5.05-5.49 and 5.00-7.00 mins) and pasting temperature (85.13-89.90, 87.58-91.50 and 87.47-92.57oC). The variety that had an effect on the functional and pasting properties of the “garri analogue” was Mother’s Delight, while in term of processing variables on the functional and pasting properties of “garri analogue: from the different varieties are Mother’s Delight and King J. The optimum results in term of the processing variables on the yield, functional and pasting properties from the different varieties are Mother’s Delight and Solo Gold. The optimum results were obtained at 48.00 and 72.00hrs with particle sizes of 1.88 and 2.36mm respectively.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Azeez Musibau Oyeleke, Adesanwo Olusola Olajumoke, Awoyefa Rofiyat, Adediwura Joseph Oluwatosin.
Page No : 69-85
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Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Chemical and Structural Properties of Raw Agricultural Wastes
Abstract
This study was carried out to assess the effect of charring on chemical and structural properties of raw agricultural wastes at two different temperatures. The agricultural wastes (feather from the poultry unit, maize cob, maize stalk, bamboo, rice straw, cocoa pods, maize husk and used paper from offices) were collected from Teaching and Research Farm, Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife, Osun State, Ife excluding the used paper, which was collected from the Academic areas, OAU. The collected waste materials were air-dried, pulverized, ground, and sieved with 2 mm sieve separately. Biochars were produced from raw agricultural wastes at pyrolysis temperatures 400℃ and 450℃. The raw and selected charred agricultural wastes were subjected to chemical and structural analyses. Pyrolysis of the raw materials at the two temperatures led to a significant increase in pH. A significant decrease in organic carbon of all the agricultural waste materials was observed after pyrolysis, a lower C:N was recorded; however, nitrogen content did not change significantly with pyrolysis temperature compared with the raw waste materials. The concentrations of cations like Ca and Mg were unaffected by the pyrolysis temperatures, but significant increase was observed with potassium. The results of FTIR analysis indicated the presence of many surface functional groups in both the raw and charred materials, such as OH, COOH and NH, that could be involved in adsorption and release of plant nutrients in soils, including heavy metals adsorption from soil. However, the intensities of the functional groups were lower in raw agricultural wastes compared with charred agricultural waste. The effect of temperature differences was not significant on the elemental and structural properties; thus, any could be taken as the optimum temperature for effective biochar production. It was concluded that biochar produced from agricultural wastes could be used as liming materials and soil amendments. Also, the presence of carboxylic and phenolic groups in the charred materials will increase the soil cation exchange capacity and improve the nutrient holding capacity of the soil.
| 7 |
Author(s):
AbubakarYusuf, Abudulbasit Onife Isa.
Page No : 86-99
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Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Motorized 2 – row Soybean Planter for Small Scale farmers in Katsina State
Abstract
A 2 – row soybean planter has been fabricated according the design specifications and field performance of the planter was evaluated on 0.5 ha (500 m2) plot of land on the college farm of Federal College of Education, Katsina. Five (5) levels of speed of operation (0.42 m/s, 0.56 m/s, 0.69 m/s, 0.83 m/s and 0.97 m/s) were used to evaluate performance of the fabricated planter. Results of performance evaluation of the fabricated planter reveal that 0.83 m/s speed of operation produces planting parameters with values that are very close to the recommended planting parameters of soybean TGX 1448 – 2E. Thus, indicating that 0.83 m/s is the best speed of operation of the fabricated planter with mean value of 24.72 kg/h seeding rate, 98.14 % uniformity of spacing, 78.05 % planting efficiency and 7 broken seeds per 100 seeds. The analysis of variance at P > 0.05 reveals that speed of operation has a positive effect on the seeding rate and field capacity; a negative effect on planting efficiency of the fabricated 2 – row soybean planter. Thus, seeding rate and field capacity increases with increasing speed while the planting efficiency decreases with increasing speed of operation. Functional performance test results indicate a significant relationship of the speed of operation with seeding rate, field capacity and planting efficiency of the planter where as uniformity of spacing and percentage damaged seeds are relatively in affected by the speed of operation of the planter.
KEYWORDS: Field capacity, Planter, Planting efficiency, Seeding rate, Soybean
