| 1 |
Author(s):
Mamman S. A., Ismaila A. B., Abongaby G. C., Ogbole E., Salami O., Eluma M., Dakul D.A..
Page No : 1-9
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Economic Impact of Trypanosomosis on Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) in North-West, Nigeria.
Abstract
Desert encroachment accelerated by global warming threatens the lives and livelihood of scores of farming families. However, camels can withstand the harsh climatic conditions and provide draught power thereby supporting subsistence agriculture and other economic activities. This study aimed to investigate the economic-impact of camel Trypanosomiasis (Surra) in two communities in North-West, Nigeria using structured questionnaires. All the 99 respondents interviewed were males and over 30 years of age with majority of them having Islamic/Quaranic education. The economic impacts identified include death (42%), poor milk production (38%) and reduced draught power (38%). The mean prices of live camels differ between the two study areas; ₦301,928.57 vs. ₦128,100.00 and ₦184,377.55 vs.₦82,100.00 for healthy adults and young camels in Kano and Katsina states, respectively. About 38−54% loss in value of live camels estimated at ₦114,581.63−₦164,755.09 in Kano and ₦48,850−₦76,100.00 in Katsina was attributed to Surra. Similarly, Surra is believed to account for over 90% loss in milk production in camels, where an estimated daily loss of over ₦7,000.00 was recorded. Although the estimated impacts were based on the opinion of a few randomly selected respondents, the huge financial cost associated with Surra is alarming and deserves attention. It is evident that this disease threatens food security and impedes the achievement of sustainable development goals. These findings bring to fore the socioeconomic importance of Surra in the study area and call for the formulation of cost-effective control measures.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Ivan Oyege, Fiona Nakabuye, Janet Namugerwa, Betty Ssegawa.
Page No : 10-21
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Sustainable Value Addition in Banana Cake Production as Alternative To Reduce Banana Waste.
Abstract
With the rising global demand for the baked goods market and the challenge of managing surplus ripe bananas, especially East African Highland bananas, innovative approaches are essential to reduce food waste. The research centers on using Apple, Gros Michel, and East African Highland (EAH) banana species in banana cake recipes. The objectives were to analyze the cake-making characteristics of the EAH Banana, Apple banana, and Gros Michel banana varieties, to assess the sensory attributes of banana cakes made from these varieties, and to determine consumer preferences. The study involved 180 participants who rated the banana cakes using a 1-9 hedonic scale, focusing on color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability. Results revealed that ripe EAH bananas possess unique qualities, notably a superior texture and blending efficiency, outperforming the Gros Michel and Apple banana varieties. Although EAH bananas are currently being used for food only and any ripe ones are discarded, this study found for the first-time that these ripe bananas can be repurposed for cake, reduce waste, and increase the value of the bananas. Ripe EAH banana cakes were particularly favored for their appealing appearance, satisfying mouthfeel, and subtly reduced sugar flavor, leading to a significant expressed intent for repeat purchases.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Ayantoyinbo A. A., Alufohia G. O., Babalola D. O., Okelola O. E..
Page No : 22-38
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Effect of Agricultural Cooperative Businesses on the Wellbeing of Members in Ogun State, Nigeria.
Abstract
Abstract
Agricultural Cooperatives have a vital role in improving the wellbeing of their members. This study intends to assess the extent of agricultural cooperative businesses on the well-being of members in Ogun State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to describe the socio economic characteristics of agricultural cooperative members, identify the types of businesses operated by agricultural cooperative societies, identify the benefits that cooperative members derived from agricultural cooperative societies and businesses, and examine the effects of agricultural cooperative businesses on the wellbeing of cooperative members. The data for the study were gathered through structured questionnaires distributed to 312 active and registered members of the selected agricultural cooperatives. The sample was chosen through a multi-stage approach that included purposive and random sampling techniques, and the data were analysed using mean before and after ratings, simple percentages, standard deviation, and the t-test. According to the findings, the majority of respondents were able to purchase assets such as farms, buildings, motorbikes, bicycles, telephones, radios, and televisions as a result of agricultural cooperative societies engaged in profitable industries. Furthermore, members had increased access to healthcare and food. Furthermore, the effects of agricultural cooperative firms were visible in the increased income claimed by respondents following the founding of these businesses, as confirmed by a significant t-value of 5%. This implies that there was a considerable difference in members' subjective well-being the establishment of agricultural cooperative businesses. Finally, this study provides persuasive evidence that agricultural cooperative businesses (economic activities) significantly improve the subjective well-being of members in the studied area. It is advised that agricultural cooperatives diversify their investments to increase their viability, improving the well-being of their members and host communities. This strategy will also inspire members to actively participate and support the acquisition of powerful abilities, ultimately leading to the attainment of sustainable development goals.
Key words: Agriccultural, Cooperatives, Effects, Memmbers, Business, Investment
| 4 |
Author(s):
Arifalo Sadiat Funmilayo.
Page No : 39-55
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Assessment of Community Participation in Forest Conservation in Ondo State, Nigeria.
Abstract
This study examines community participation in forest conservation in Ondo State, Nigeria, exploring the socio-economic dynamics and the effectiveness of decentralized forest management. Amidst escalating environmental degradation and forest depletion, this research highlights the critical role local communities play in the stewardship of forest reserves. Data were collected through surveys, interviews, and field observations involving 200 households across multiple communities adjacent to forest reserves. The findings reveal a strong community willingness to engage in forest conservation, with a substantial proportion of respondents prepared to accept financial incentives to aid in conservation efforts. The study also uncovers a significant correlation between socioeconomic factors—such as income levels, educational attainment, and proximity to forests—and the willingness to participate in conservation initiatives. Despite the readiness to support forest preservation, the research identifies a glaring lack of awareness and involvement in existing forest conservation programs. It is recommended that enhanced community education on the benefits of forest conservation, the introduction of more robust economic incentives, increased community involvement in conservation decision-making, and the strengthening of legal frameworks to protect forest resources. These steps are essential for sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation in the area, which could serve as a model for similar regions globally.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Tolulope Seun Olubunmi-Ajayi, Olanrewaju Peter Oladoyin, Moyofolorun Opeyemi Adeyeye, Adeyose Emmanuel Akinbola, Justin Orimisan Ijigbade.
Page No : 56-69
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Impact of Anchor Borrowers Programme (ABP) on Rice Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria.
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of the Anchor Borrowers Programme (ABP) on rice production in the Irepodun/Ifelodun Local Government Area, Ekiti State. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 150 smallholder rice farmers, with 75 having access to ABP loans and 75 without. Descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, multiple regression, and budgetary techniques were employed for data analysis. The return on investment (ROI) for farmers with ABP loans was 2.48, compared to 2.39 for those without, indicating higher profitability for loan beneficiaries. The average age of respondents was 60.3 years, with 87.3% male, 73.3% having formal education, and 62% married. The mean farming experience was 15.9 years, with an average household size of four members and a farm size of 3.8 acres. Significant factors influencing access to ABP loans included age, educational background, and household size (p<0.05). Additionally, educational background, household size, farm size, and access to ABP loans significantly affected net income from rice production (p<0.05). The study concludes that ABP loans positively impact rice production profitability and recommends that more farmers be given access to these loans to enhance rice production in the area.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Adewole Samuel Adegoke, Temitope Fawaziah Lawal, Bolade K. Kikelomo, Oluwaseun Adetayo Adewole, Patience Abisola Olusamya, Oyesiji O. O., Adebiyi-Olabode A. O., Ngozi Angela Ukangwa.
Page No : 70-80
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Quality Evaluation of Ginger-Spiced Hibiscus Sabdariffa Drink Sweetened with Dates and Sucrose.
Abstract
Sweetening of Hibiscus sabdariffa drink (zobo) with sucrose is a major drawback on its health benefits. This research assessed the quality of ginger-spiced Hibiscus sabdariffa “zobo” drink sweetened with dates and sugar. Four samples of zobo drink were produced and the drink samples were assessed for physico-chemical properties, nutrient composition, antioxidant properties and sensory qualities. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 at P<0.05 and means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. The pH was between 2.88 and 2.96 while obrix was 3-14.5 and titratable acidity was 0.78 - 0.83. The ranges for the nutrient composition are; moisture content (82.41% - 90.46 %), ash content (0.13%-0.68%), crude fiber (0.00% - 0.02%), fat content (0.18% - 0.92%), protein content (0.45%-2.41%), carbohydrate content (8.77% - 13.65%). Results for the antioxidant properties ranges; total flavonoid content (19.12 – 32.30 mg/ml), phenolic content (38.34 to 45.53 mg/ml), diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (60.90-65.12 %), ferric reducing antioxidant power (40.04 – 50.50 mg GAE/ml) and total reducing power (0.63 – 0.93 µg/ml). The sensory results showed that the samples were all acceptable in terms of colour, aroma and overall acceptability. However, there was preference for sample with 5 % dates and 5 % sucrose. Addition of dates to zobo is beneficial in terms of crude fibre, vitamin C, antioxidant activities and sensory qualities.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Ajoagu G. M., Ukabiala M. E., Asadu C. L. A., Umeugokwe P. C..
Page No : 81-103
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Characterization and Classification of Soils Along Three Toposequences in Njikoka Area, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Abstract
The study aimed to characterize and classify soils in the Njikoka Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Three toposequences (TA, TB, and TC) from three different communities: Abagana, Nimo and Enugu-ukwu were selected and divided into upper (US), middle (MS), and lower (LS) slopes using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Nine pedons were described following FAO guidelines, and 64 samples were collected for analysis. The soils were well-drained and very deep, with predominant dark reddish brown and reddish brown horizons. Soil structure varied from weak fine granular to moderately medium angular and sub-angular blocky structures, while texture varied due to variations in sand, silt, and clay fractions. Soil acidity ranged from extremely acidic to slightly acidic. Organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable bases were generally low to very low. Potassium content ranged from very low to moderate, while exchangeable acidity, base saturation, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) varied from very low to high. The trend in chemical fertility was MS > US > LS for TA, US > MS > LS for TB, and LS > MS > US for TC soils. Based on the USDA soil classification, TA soils were identified as Typic Hapludults (US), Typic Kandiudults (MS), and Aquic Arenic Hapludults (LS). TB soils were classified as Grossarenic Kandiudualf (US) and Typic Kandiudults (MS and LS), while TC soils were categorized as Vertic Hapludults (US), Grossarenic Hapludults (MS), and Grossarenic Kandiudults (LS).
| 8 |
Author(s):
Apelebiri S., Ukabiala M. E., Asadu C. L. A., Ezeaku P. I., Ajoagu G. M..
Page No : 104-125
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Characterization, Classification and Suitability Evaluation of Soils in Ukum, Benue State, Nigeria for Maize and Yam Production.
Abstract
Soil characterization, classification and evaluation provide useful information for the understanding of soil, its potentials and limitations for crop production. The study was to determine the morphological, physical and chemical properties of the soils; classify the soils; and evaluate their suitability for maize, cassava and yam production. Three land utilization types (maize, cassava and yam) with a control plot each were used for the study. One soil profile pit was dug in each land utilization type and control. The pedons were described in-situ following the procedures in FAO, s guidelines for soil profile description. A total of 23 samples were collected from the diagnostic soil horizons. The soils were classified using USDA Soil taxonomy and correlated with FAO/UNESCO World Resource Base. The suitability of the soils for maize, cassava and yam production was assessed using the non parametric and parametric methods of land evaluation. Morphologically, the soils were well drained and very deep with predominantly brownish gray (5YR5/1) and dark gray (2.5Y 5/2). The soil structures varied from weak fine granular structure to weak/moderately medium angular and sub-angular blocky structures. Soil texture varied from sand to sandy loam. The soil bulk density and total porosity varied from 1.42 to 1.72 g cm-1 and 36.98 to 46.42 %, respectively. The pH of the soils varied from slightly acidic to moderately acidic. Organic matter and total nitrogen in the soils were rated very low to low. The soils were classified at various great group levels of ultisols. The soils were moderately suitable.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Dr. Gautam Kumer Deb, Dr. Nasrin Sultana, Manik Miah, Md. Ashadul Alam, Md. Tarequl Islam, Md. Ruhul Amin, Md. Kamrul Hasan Majumdar, Dr. Gautam Kumer Deb.
Page No : 126-136
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Rearing and Feeding Strategies of Indigenous Buffalo in Selected Areas of Bangladesh
Abstract
The study was carried out to identify the rearing scenario and existing feeding management practices of buffaloes in selected areas of Rajshahi, Pabna, Jamalpur and Bhola districts, respectively. A direct survey on 200 household buffalo farmers were conducted. The survey results revealed that 78% of buffalo farmers were literate. Higher extensive rearing systems were practiced in Madarganj (96%), whereas higher semi-intensive in Godagari (90%) compared to other areas. Additionally, only 8% household farmers practiced in intensive way and higher in Ishwardi. Maximum average herd size was found in Madarganj (24.54±7.94) followed by Ishwardi (16.36±8.91), Char Fasson (14.12±7.64) and Godagari (13.84±5.52) upazilas. Rice straw, bathan mixed local grass, concentrate feed and other unconventional feed resources were the main feed for rearing buffaloes in the study areas. About 53% of farmers were supplied concentrate feed for their lactating buffalo and the supplied amount was below 0.5kg. Result showed that calf birth weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher (33.24kg) in Madarganj followed by Ishwardi (26.62kg), Godagari (24.88kg) and Char Fasson (21.20kg). Significantly (P<0.05) higher lactation length found in Ishwardi (225.50 days) whereas higher milk production also found in Godagari (3.37kg/d). Average age at first heat of buffaloes was significantly (P<0.05) lower in Madarganj whereas the calving interval was lower in Godagari (14.76±0.89). This study attempts to unearth the present scenario and find out the constraints of buffalo production. Further research with large sample and increased areas should be conducted to find out the overall scenario of buffalo rearing and feeding management practices in Bangladesh.
| 10 |
Author(s):
Balogun K., Adeyeye A.S..
Page No : 137-152
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Growth and Tuber Yield Improvement of Sweet Potato Cultivars (Ipomoea Batatas L.) as Influenced by Vine Patterns of Planting in Taraba State.
Abstract
Field experiments were conducted for two locations in (2021) at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University, Wukari, and Taraba State University Teaching and Research Farm, Jalingo, to determine the growth and tuber yield attribute as influenced by vine pattern of planting, using seven varieties of sweet potato and three planting patterns. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance where significant means were separated by least significant difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. The varieties used are Donga white local (V2), Tropical Ipomoea Selection (TIS-91/198 (V1), TIS-008164 (V3), TIS-91/62 (V4), TIS-87/0087 (V5)), Donga purple local (V6) and Jalingo local (V7) and three vine patterns of planting (direct, ring and double ring planting) for 2021 cropping season. Results of the experiment show that both main effects (variety and vine planting patterns) had a significant influence on all the parameters measured vis: length of primary vine (cm), number of secondary vine, number of leaf, number of tuber per plant, weight of tuber per plant (kg) and tuber fresh yield per hectare (ton/ha) except number of nodes which was not been significantly influenced by variety and vine planting patterns.Vine planting pattern enhanced growth and yield performance on the varieties used. The highest value in all the yield characters measured was observed in Donga white local variety at single ring. Generally, all traits except number of nodes were significantly affected by the interactive effect of variety and vine planting pattern, indicating that determining vine planting pattern for each variety by considering their vegetative growth and yield habit is very important in crop production. Further research should be repeated on variety selection and vine planting patterns under cropping season at different locations in Southern and Northern guinea savanna of Taraba State.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Nimiye C. Morgan , Prince E. Kainga.
Page No : 153-159
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Pre-Harvest Losses and Strategies Adopted by Plantain Farmers in Mitigating Them in Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Abstract
The study examined the pre-harvest losses and strategies adopted by plantain farmers in mitigating them in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: identify causes of pre-harvest losses and evaluate strategies adopted by plantain farmers in mitigating pre-harvest losses. Five (5) Local Government Areas (Yenagoa, Ogbia, Kolokuma-Opokuma, Sagbama, and Southern Ijaw) were purposefully selected using a multi-stage sample technique. These LGAs were selected based on the predominance of commercial plantain producers in each of the five (6) villages within each LGA. Additionally, there are eight (8) plantain farmers in each village, for a total of 240 plantain farmers. A structured questionnaire was employed to extract the necessary data from the selected farmers. The result indicates that theft, pest, flood, diseases and logging were the major causes identified affecting pre-harvest losses of plantain in the study area. Furthermore, planting of permanent crops as blockade, use of flood free zones for cultivation, use of improved varieties of sucker, practice of integrated pest management technique, better extension services and cultivating dwarfish breeds were strategies employed by plantain farmers to reduce pre-harvest losses. The recommendations made in light of the findings were for farmers to receive appropriate orientation and/or fundamental training in important farm management techniques, with a focus on plantain production pre-harvest losses. They will become more profitable as a result and become more effective.
| 12 |
Author(s):
Okoroh, Juochi P..
Page No : 160-170
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Determinants of Rice Farmers’ Participation in Anchor Borrowers’ Programme in Southeast, Nigeria.
Abstract
The study investigated the determinants of rice farmers’ participation in Anchor Borrowers’ Programme in Southeast Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in the selection of states and local Government Areas in order to capture areas where there are more concentration of rice farmers and the participating LGAs. Proportionate sampling was adopted in selecting 120 rice farmers’ beneficiaries. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analysed using frequency, percentage, mean score, standard deviation and ordinary least square regression analysis. Findings show that the beneficiaries rice farmers had high participation (x̄=2.52) in the programme activities with a discriminating index of x̄= 2. Long bureaucratic procedures (x̄=3.29), delay in loan disbursement (x̄=3.39) high cost of labour (x̄=3.2) insufficient/ unavailability of land (x̄=3.1) among others were the most severe constraints faced by beneficiary rice farmers in southeast. Educational level (t =3.015), household size (t = -2681) and access to credit (t = -4.160) were determinants of rice farmers’ level of participation in ABP. The study therefore recommends that there should be timely distribution of inputs among ABP facilitators.
| 13 |
Author(s):
Oyetoro John Oyewole, Ogundijo Sekinat Dupe, Adebayo Rasheedat Adeola, Kareem Kafayat Oyindamola.
Page No : 171-182
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Consumers’ Preference for Agricultural Products in Nigeria Supermarket in Osogbo Metropolis Osun State Nigeria.
Abstract
The study assessed the consumers’ preference for agricultural products in Nigeria supermarket in Osogbo metropolis, Osun state, Nigeria. Data was collected from sixty respondents with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The data collected were described using frequencies counts, percentages and means, while Pearson’s correlation was used to test the hypothesis. Most (65%) of the respondents were married. The mean age of the respondents was 42.80 years. The study further indicated that most (65%) of the respondents completed tertiary education and therefore highly literate. The study also revealed that quality of farm produce and packaging were considered benefits of buying agricultural products from supermarkets. There is significant relationship between age (r=0.039*, p=0.016), income (r=0.264*, p=0.042), years of patronage (r=0.293*, p=0.023) and consumers’ preference for agricultural products. It was concluded that respondents preferred to buy agricultural products like green pea, apple, cassava flakes, ginger, fish, chicken and oats from supermarkets. The study recommended that supermarkets should design their packaging in such a way to cater for low income earners to encourage more people patronize them.
| 14 |
Author(s):
Okeke Onyeka R., Aniobi C. C., Ezeagwu P. C., Nwanya K. O., Agbom C..
Page No : 183-192
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Evaluation of the Aerial Deposits of Heavy Metals in Fruits Sold by the Roadside within Enugu Metropolis.
Abstract
Studies were carried out to evaluate the aerial deposits of heavy metals in fruits sold by the road sides within Enugu metropolis , using standard analytical procedures and instrumentation. At 0 , 1 and 7 days of road side exposure, the cucumber samples had mean Pb levels of 0.211±0.032, 0.224±0.011 and 0.247±0.050 µg/g respectively. Also , at 0 , 1 and 7 days of road side exposure , the cucumber samples had mean Cu levels of 1.075±0.134 , 1.079±0.130 and 1.086±0.145 µg/g respectively.
Similarly, the mean Pb levels in the apple samples at 0 , 1 and 7 days of road side exposure were 0.282±0.014 , 0.283±0.010 and 0.296±0.015 µg/g respectively. Copper had mean levels of 0.864±0.136 , 0.864±0.096 and 0.868±0.055 µg/g in the apple samples at 0 , 1 and 7 days respective road side exposure.
For the two samples , the mean levels of the metals at the investigated road side exposure durations were less significant. The metals were at their threshold limits in the fruit samples at the investigated durations of exposure.
| 15 |
Author(s):
Emelda Orlando Simbine-Ribisse , Queila Manuel Guilamba, Eleutéria Leonilde Cavele, Joaquim Salomão Manguele, Sandra Salvador Inguane Chemane.
Page No : 193-204
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Sclerocarya Birrea (Marula) and Strychnos Spinosa (Massala) Mixed Jam: Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Characterization.
Abstract
Sclerocarya birrea (marula) and Strychnos spinosa (massala) are fruits with high nutritional value but are underutilized. Processing jam is an alternative for diversifying consumption and preserving these fruits. This study aimed to produce and characterize the mixed jam (marula and massala pulp). Three mixed jam formulations were defined, and the best one was selected. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were conducted. The microbial stability of the jam was assessed over 84 days of storage at room temperature. Results of physicochemical analyses of jam were pH: 3.44, acidity: 2.86 %, vitamin C: 45.57 mg/100g, soluble solids: 67.71 ºBrix, ash: 0.89%, fibers: 0.32%, lipids: 0.39%, moisture: 21%, protein: 0.92% and carbohydrates: 76.48%. Microbial growth in the jam was only observed on the 84th day, with low counts of aerobic bacteria (3×102 CFU/g), molds, and yeasts (10 CFU/g). The raw material was of good quality and the mixed jam is a safe product.
| 16 |
Author(s):
Md. Shamim Hasan, Razia Khatun, Nasrin Sultana, Bijoy Barua, Md Tarequl Islam.
Page No : 205-214
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Productive and Reproductive Performance of Native Sheep Under Research Farm and Farmer Level in Hilly Areas of Naikhongchari.
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the productive and reproductive performance of native sheep at the research farm and farmer level in hilly areas of Naikhongchari. For that purpose, on the research farm, the ewes were mated with rams in a 15-20:1 ratio following a natural-controlled breeding program. All of the ewes and rams were kept in a permanently structured house with a slatted floor that was raised above the ground and provided them with ample space for feeling comfortable. The sheep were given 6-7 hours of grazing time, and concentrate (17% CP, 11 MJ/kg DM) was provided twice daily. Regular vaccinations, dipping, and deworming were performed. At the farmer level, breeding strategies were not followed strictly. The lambs were weighed at birth, and each lamb's lambing date and sex were recorded and mostly kept under semi-intensive conditions. Most of the sheep farmers supply a small amount of wheat bran and broken rice to their sheep early in the morning and evening, and the rest of the day they allow their sheep to graze on the hill. The sheep were hardly immunized against common sheep diseases. The birth weight of both the male lamb and female lamb was 1.27 kg, 1.23 kg higher than the community conditions of 1.09 kg and 1.08 kg. The weaning weight for male lamb was 5.14 kg and female lamb was 4.86 kg in the research farm, while the weaning weight of male and female lamb was 4.32 kg and 4.15 kg, respectively, at the farmer level. On the research farm, the growth rates of male and female sheep were 41.22 g/d and 38.67 g/d, respectively, and at the farmer's level, the growth rates of male and female sheep were 39.08 g/d and 36.11 g/d, respectively. The mature ram and ewe weights were 25.67 kg and 18.72 kg in the research farm, respectively, which was higher than the mature weights of ram at the farmer level. Significant differences have been observed in no. of services per conception, gestation length, days open, and post-partum heat period. The highest lamb survivability percentage was observed in research farms than at the farmer level.
| 17 |
Author(s):
Okeke Chioma J., Eyo J. E., Okeke O. A., Azaka E. I., Akwuaka P. C., Okpani I. S..
Page No : 215-224
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Effects of Substituting Corn Meal for Corn Cob Meal on Diets Acceptability, Growth Response and Cost of Diets Fed to Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus).
Abstract
A seventy day feeding trial was conducted to assess the replacement value of corn cob meal as dietary replacement for corn meal in diets of Clarias gariepinus. The corn cob was treated with 2% NaOH. The treatment reduced the fibre and increased the protein contents of the corn cob. Six isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) diets were formulated and corn cob meal was included in the diets at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 100% inclusion levels designated as diets A, B, C, D, E, F, and G respectively, and diet H (commercial Coppens fish feed). The acceptability of the diets was studied using the time to strike the pellets and acceptability index. The growth response and cost of diets were estimated. Results indicated that substituting corn meal with corn cob meal in diets fed to C. gariepinus juveniles increased the time taken by fish to strike dietary pellets. The higher the proportion of corn cob meal in the diet, the lower the acceptability of the diet to the fish. The least acceptable diet was diet G with 100% corn cob meal (18.30 ± 0.21 seconds). The fish fed diet H (Coppens feed) recorded better weight gains (17.60 ± 0.85) and specific growth rate (0.40 ± 0.00) followed by the control diet (0% corn cob meal) - 10.80 ± 0.34 and 0.33 ± 0.00 and diet C (20% corn cob meal) - 10.60 ± 0.20 and 0.33 ± 0.00 respectively. There were significant differences between the control diets and the experimental diets (P < 0.05). The cost benefit analysis showed that catfishes fed the control diets had comparatively lower cost of diet per unit weight gain than the fishes fed the corn cob based diets. This was closely followed by diet C (20% corn cob meal). This study demonstrated that corn cob meal can be successfully used to replace corn meal in the diets of Clarias gariepinus at inclusion levels of up to 30% but it is efficacious and cost effective at 20% inclusion level.
| 18 |
Author(s):
Muonyelu E. Nkemakonam, Okigbo N. Raphael , Iroka F. Chisom.
Page No : 225-239
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Isolation, Identification and Cross-Infection of Pathogens Responsible for Postharvest Spoilage in Yam And Cocoyam Across Markets in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Abstract
Postharvest loss of food is highest during storage which is caused by a number of fungi pathogens. This study aims to isolate and identify the disease causing pathogens associated with yam and cocoyam in markets across Awka. Diseased yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) samples was collected from four different markets; Eke-Awka, Nkwo-Amaenyi, Amawbia, and Amansea all in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Samples were taken to Department of Botany laboratory Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka for culturing, isolation, identification and cross innoculation. Proximate analysis was also done on the fresh and diseased yam after cross infection to determine the difference and effect of spoilage in the nutritional composition. Based on physical observation of the growth of the fungi on the yam and cocoyam specimens, the several fungal species isolated include; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer for both yam and cocoyam samples and Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus terreus for yam only while cocoyam also had Phytophtora parasitica and Fusarium solani. The percentage occurrence of fungi pathogens on the diseased yam and cocoyam samples collected from different markets across Awka showed that most of the fungi had 100% occurrence. The pathogenicity test result for yam sample showed A. flavus had a higher pathogenicity on the fresh yam samples when compared with R. stolonifer. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus and Fusarium oxysporum showed no significant difference in their pathogenicity on the fresh yam sample. For cocoyam, Phytophtora parasitica and Fusarium solani had higher pathogenicity at later days. The Aspergillus species showed a slow but steady increase in their pathogenicity. The result of the pathogenicity of cross infection of fungi pathogens isolated from the diseased yam samples on the fresh cocoyam samples showed that the pathogenicity of the fungi pathogens and the number of days were significantly different (P<0.05), while for pathogenicity of cross infection of fungi pathogens isolated from the diseased cocoyam samples on the fresh yam samples also showed that the pathogenicity of the fungi pathogens and the number of days were significantly different (P<0.05). Results of the percentage proximate composition assay showed that diseased yam and cocoyam have lower ash content compared to healthy counterparts. Healthy yam has the highest carbohydrate content while diseased yam and cocoyam had lower carbohydrate levels respectively. Results obtained in this study obviously showed that cross-infection of fungi pathogens isolated from diseased yam and cocoyam samples could induce rot on healthy yam samples or cocoyam samples, thus, cross-infection was ascertained to be possible in this study amongst the crops.
| 19 |
Author(s):
Minimah S. O., Nwauzoma A. B., Chuku E. C., Nmom F. W..
Page No : 240-252
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Prevalence of Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi in Brassica Oleracea sold in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria.
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of mycotoxin-producing fungi from Bassica oleracea sold in Port Harcourt metropolis, Nigeria using molecular techniques. Bassica oleracea showing signs of fungal infestations were collected from markets across Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. The samples were first observed for signs and symptoms. Fungi were isolated from the vegetable following standard methods. Capacity to produce mycotoxin by the fungal isolates was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based screening of the isolates. The presence of five mycotoxigenic genes: nor1, tri6, otanps, fum13 and Zea encoding for the following mycotoxins: aflatoxin, trichothecene, Ochratoxin A, fumonisin, and zearalenone, respectively were evaluated. Fourteen fungi were isolated from the vegetable, out of which four isolates were positive for mycotoxigenic genes. This represents 28.6% prevalence rate. The mycotoxigenic genes found in the isolates included Ochratoxin A, Trichothecene and Aflatoxin. Trichothecene was produced by Pithomyces chartarum RCBBR_Sf5 and Fusarium longifundum RCBBR_Mf4 while aflatoxin and ochratoxin A were produced by Trametes duplexa RCBBR_Mf1 and Trametes versicolor RCBBR_Sf2a, respectively. The ITS gene sequences of the four fungi have been deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers OR816040; OR816043-OR816045. This study has demonstrated that mycotoxin-producing fungi are prevalent in Bassica oleracea sold in Port Harcourt Metropolis. This observation raises both public health and food security concerns.
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Author(s):
Okechukwu-Ezike Ngozika C..
Page No : 253-264
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The Liver Functions of Wistar Rats: The Effects of Selected Spices.
Abstract
The effects of selected spices (Aframomum danielli, rough skin plum, and country onion) on the liver functions of Wistar rats fed with feed substituted with 5%, 10%, and 15% of the individual spices were evaluated. Consequently, the total protein content and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased from 62.69% (control sample) to 55.19% and 56.49mg/dl to 55.83mg/100g, respectively, during the 4-week feeding period. The serum bilirubin and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) decreased in rats fed with the 5% concentration of A. danelli, increased at 10%, 15% of A. danielli, and all concentrations of the other spices. By the end of the 28 days, all the results were: Albumin- 36.33 to 37.72%, total protein – 55.19 to 56.70%; ALP- 55.90 to56.47; bilirubin- 13.08 to 13.63; AST -26.47 to 29.00U/Land ALT- 29.25 to 33.73U/L. These values were within the standard acceptable levels in the blood, indicating the positive effects of these spices on liver functions.
keywords: spices, liver function, Wistar rats
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Author(s):
Cephas Tersoo Msugh, Christiana Agbenu Adah , Asemave Kaase.
Page No : 265-283
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Quality Evaluation of Composite Flour From Wheat, Soybean and Sunflower Seeds for Bread Making.
Abstract
Composite flours with good functional properties and high nutrient content was developed by substituting wheat with soybeans and sunflower seed flour. Wheat flour was supplemented with soybeans and sunflower seeds flour at a ratio of 100:0:0, 90:10:10, 80:10:10, 70:20:10 and 60:30:10 respectively. Standard analytical procedures were used for all the analysis on the samples. The composite flours obtained were evaluated for their functional properties, proximate composition and antinutritional properties. The results for the functional properties showed values which ranged from 1.76 to 2.38 mL/g and 1.85 to 2.45 mL/g for water absorption capacity, 1.02 to 1.10 mL/g and 1.10 to 1.25 mL/g for oil absorption capacity, 0.40 to 0.78 g/mL and 0.52 to 0.78 g/mL for bulk density, 8.33 to 12.10% and 8.66 to 12.10% for swelling capacity and 4.00 to 10.00% and 4.00 to 9.00% for Least gelation concentration respectively for the flours and flour blends. Addition of soybeans and sunflower seeds flour led to significant (p<0.05) increase in the protein content (15.22 to 28.90%), Ash (1.01 to 3.31%), Crude fibre (1.34 to 2.97%), Fat (5.39 to 16.37%), Energy value (388.05 to 434.67%) and a decrease in carbohydrate (69.68 to 42.94%) and moisture content (7.38 to 5.53%) for the flour blends. Processing methods affected the antinutritional factors as there was no significant increase in the Tannin content (0.43 to 0.65 mg/100g), Saponins (0.36 to 0.43 mg/ 100g), Oxalates (1.24 to 2.40 mg/100g) and phytates content (1.22 to 2.12 mg/100g) concentration of the composite flour. The results reveal that the wheat, soybeans and sunflower seeds flours had good functional and nutritional density.
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Author(s):
Aniefiok Akpaneno C ., Ikwuakam O. T..
Page No : 284-302
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Rural Households’ Perception on Protein Food Consumption Pattern of School-Aged Children (6-11years) in Katsina State.
Abstract
In Nigeria, most rural households tend to adhere to the old and improper food eating patterns. This seemed more evident in protein food consumption pattern (PFCP) which could be attributed to unverified wrong PFCP ideologies and cultures among distinctive ethnic groups. Consequently, the study investigated PFCP of school-aged children from rural households in Katsina State. A sample of 288 rural households was selected through multistage sampling procedure from all Katsina rural households. Descriptive survey design and structured questionnaire were adopted in collecting data on households’ socioeconomic characteristics, protein food awareness, PFCP, perception and constraint. Frequency counts, percentages, means, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression analysis were employed in data analysis. The result revealed that most respondents were young, married, low income earners, Muslims, farmers with Quaranic educational qualification. Levels of awareness and information were high and low respectively. While pattern of consumption was inadequate, perception and constraint levels were unfavourable and high respectively. The ANOVA result showed that Katsina Central (KC) has significantly higher protein consumption than Katsina North (KN) and Katsina South (KS) just as KN had highest awareness than KC and KS. Significant differences existed in PFCP KC, KN and KS. Age, marital status, income, awareness, perception, information and constraint were determinants of PFCP. The PFCP was inadequate with unfavourable level of perception. While government and non-governmental agencies should explore the scaling up option of information sources other than radio, health workers and friends, households’ income diversification is germane for better PFCP.
