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Author(s):
Onyenanu Chukwunonso, Nwokoye Christian U.
Page No : 1-11
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Characterization of Oily Wastewater Key to Proper Design and Maintenance of Oily Waste Water Separators – A Case Study of Niger Delta Region
Abstract
Environmental regulation of oily waste water discharges are becoming more stringent. Oil industrial facilities have a number of possible applications for coalescing plate separators. These applications include flow stations, tank farms, process drains, Shipboard oily wastewater and runoff from oil spills. In recent years, it has become obvious that many of the oily waste water separators installed in the oily waste water facilities are not performing as anticipated. Several authors have pointed out the need to improve the design procedure of oil-water separator. The issues arising from poor design, improper selection of pre- manufactured off- the-shelf coalescing unit attributed to failure of understanding the character of oily waste waters being treated or pretreated. The sampling station investigated consist of three effluent receiving sites in the okrika arm of the Bonny River and the control sites at Elechi creek, all in the Niger Delta area. The result of characterization showed that maximum and minimum Temperatures are 20 and 18.310C, Specific gravity of waste water at maximum and minimum temperature are 0.994 and 0.986. Also specific gravity of oil in the waste water at maximum and minimum temperature are 0.873 and 0.845 while dynamic viscosity of oil waste water at maximum and minimum temperature are 0.00127 and 0.00132 N/m2.s. Also physico chemical characteristics at maximum and minimum values showed that pH are( 8.80 and 8.50), Conductivity (215.0 and 214.0 µS/cm), Total dissolved solid ( 165.50 and 159.58 mg/l), Total suspended solid ( 64.41and 61.79 mg/l), Salinity as Chloride ( 40.13 and 37.46 mg/l) while oil and grease ( 46.80 and 41.40 mg/l) Biological Oxygen demand ( 31.00 and 28.83 mg/l) and Chemical Oxygen demand (43.53 and 40.21 mg/l) . This characterization is useful in overall design, sizing of oily wastewater separator and separation efficiency.
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Author(s):
Etuk I. M., Daniel K. S., Umoh U. A.
Page No : 12-34
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Ecology of Undergrowth Plant Species in Four Selected Natural Forests in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Abstract
Ecology Of Undergrowth Plant Species In Four Selected Natural Forests In Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
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Author(s):
Sadiq A.A., Suleman M. Umar, Mohammed U. Bello.
Page No : 35-53
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An Estimation of Rainfall Anomaly Index and Its Impact on Crop Production in Yola and Environs
Abstract
Rainfall anomalies of a given geographical area over a long period is considered as the major hydro-meteorological variable that caused climatic change and also a dominant factor affecting crop production which requires ardent attention of research. The paper aimed to estimate rainfall anomaly index and its impacts on crop production in Yola and environs. The climatic raw data for the periods of forty (40) years were computed and estimated using rainfall anomaly index (RAI10) techniques developed by van Rooy. The findings revealed that the study area falls under wetness conditions for the period of 19 years, normal wetness occurred in 6 years and dry conditions were estimated in 15 years which mostly occurred in the recent decades (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2013) which signifies apparent climatic change of rainfall deficit and consequently affects crop growth respectively. However, 2016 and 2012 were estimated as extremely and very wet conditions that led to exacerbated flooding in the area which damaged hundred hectares of farmlands. Farmers in the area are therefore recommends to use an improved seeds variety with low water use efficiency and drought resistant crop varieties with the aim of coping with dryness conditions. Similarly, farming on flood prone areas should be avoided and preventing measures on sediment deposition should also be considered recommendable.
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Author(s):
Ogunmola O.P., Adeniyi I.F., Adesakin T.A., Aduwo A.I., Daisi O., Akinpelu O., Aanuoluwa I..
Page No : 54-67
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Assessment of Periphyton Biomass and Water Quality by Chlorophyll Determination of Ifewara reservoir, Osun State, Nigeria
Abstract
This study explored the use of taxonomic composition of periphyton and chlorophyll to assess the Ifewara reservoir status. Glass slide was attached to wooden slab and submerge in water between 2 to 5days then removed from water and periphyton samples were scraped from glass slides with a spatula. The scraping was emptied into a sterilized plastic vial containing 20 ml of Lugol’s solution for preservation. 2.0-5.0 liter of surface water-sample is often convenient for measurement of Chlorophyll in the biomass from established stations (inflow, middle and lower lentic basin). The recorded periphyton was microphotographed, counted and identified using various keys and guides. A total number of ninety (90) species of periphyton was recorded belonging to phytoplankton (73) and zooplankton (170 species. Spatially, bacillariophyta (124±52 Org/m3) recorded the highest mean abundance at the upper basin station. Chrysophyta (1.0±0.6 Org/m3) was higher at middle basin station and highest mean abundance for chlorophyta (30±12 Org/m3), chlorophyll a, b and c (3.14±0.39 Org/m3, 2.10±0.46 Org/m3 2.37±0.41 Org/m3) was observed in lower basin station. Temporally, bacillariophyta, cyanophyta, euglenophyta and copepod, cladocera, rotifer, chlorophyll a, b and c recorded the highest mean abundance during the dry season while chlorophyta and chrysophyta were dominant in the rainy season. Chlorophyta were the predominant group and account for 50.68% of total species composition followed by bacillariophyta (32.88%) and least was chrysophyta (1.36%). Among the periphyton fauna, rotifer was dominant with 76.47% and followed by protozoa (11.76%). The study revealed that reservoir is composed of highly diversified periphyton groups with great potential to support aquatic community and fishery production and portray the reservoir as unpolluted, dilute fresh water suitable for its intended primary purpose of water supply to the riparian communities.
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Author(s):
Nwokoye J. N., Okafor Lois-Anthony, Okpala P. K..
Page No : 68-76
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Physiochemical Analysis of Clay Samples in Some Parts of Southeastern Nigeria
Abstract
Nigeria is enriched with abundant mineral and natural resources; besides hydrocarbon resources, the exploration and mining of Nigeria mineral resources has not been given adequate attention it requires. In lieu of that physiochemical analysis of clay samples collected in some parts of Southeastern Nigeria were carried out in other to ascertain the physical and chemical constituents of the clay samples. The clay samples were collected from three states in southeastern Nigeria namely; Ozubulu clay from Anambra State, Ngwulangwu clay from Ebonyi State and Ngwo White clay from Enugu State. The physical properties of these clay samples were determined under the following: Moisture Content, Ash Content, Iodine number, pH Reading, Surface Area, Bulk Density/Porosity and Loss of Ignition. The chemical analysis was carried out so as determine the metallic oxide present in the clay using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The result shows that Ngwo white clay has the highest percentage of moisture content of 8.00%, followed by Ozubulu clay 7.50% and then Ngwulangwu clay 7.00%. Also, high bulk density observed from these clays shows that they can be used as bleaching clay for high oil retention ability. The pH readings of the clay samples showed that they were all acidic. The iodine numbers of the three samples were high which shows that they can be used for agricultural purposes. Also, the result showed that the ratio of Na2O to CaO is greater than one for Ozubulu clay and Ngwo white clay samples which indicates the presence of swelling bentonites. The Iron oxide of Ngwulangwu clay is higher when compared to Ozubulu and Ngwo white clays. The Ferrous oxide impacted a red colour on the fired sample of Ngwulangwu clay. This high iron oxides of Ngwulangwu clay made the clay attractive and suitable for structural engineering works due to its mechanical strength and plasticity. Finally, the results obtained from the study of the three clay samples showed that they can be used for industrial and commercial purposes. It was also recommended that further studies be carried out to explore other potentials of these clays for other industrial utilization.
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Author(s):
Asifat Janet Temitope, Ogunbode Timothy Oyebamiji.
Page No : 77-85
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Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Land Use Changes: A Case Study of a Forest Reserve in the Southwestern Nigeria
Abstract
Unabated exploitation of biodiversity and its consequential effects on natural environment has been of a serious concern to stakeholders globally. Thus, this study examines land use changes in Oba Hill forest reserve, Osun State, Southwestern, Nigeria between 1986 and 2016 using remote sensing technique. The study utilised satellite imageries from Landsat TM 1986, ETM 1996, 2006, and ETM+ 2016. The research revealed that the undisturbed forested area declined from 26.169km2 in 1986 to 15.318km2 in 2016. Also, the cultivated/disturbed forest land increased from 22.238km2 to 41.499km2 in 2016 whereas the built-up areas decreased from 12.215 km2 to 3.805km2. The forested lands were decreasing while the cultivated/disturbed land areas were on the increase. This implies that more of the forested lands were opened up for cultivation and other purposes while part of the built- up areas were also taken over by shrubs. Thus, there is degradation in the natural resources as a result of excessive and unguided exploitation of forest resources. It is recommended that government should put in place appropriate policies towards sound management of our natural resources to ensure a sustainable development.
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Author(s):
Ndanusa Babakatcha, Jibrin Alhaji Yabagi, Muhammad Bello Ladan, Muyodeen Dawodu Oladipupo.
Page No : 86-94
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Harnessing Solar Energy Potential as an Alternative Source of Electrical Energy in North Central, Nigeria
Abstract
The demand for electrical power to drive the economy of Nigeria as a nation is on the rise geometrically, while its availability is either stagnant or in a decline due to inefficient or decay in the available sources of power energy generation and the interconnectivity to form national grid. This work examines the potentials of solar energy that could be tapped as an alternative source of power energy generation in North central states of Nigeria using experimental approach of measuring daily solar radiations across all the study area at interval of one hour using light meter (LX 101A) from which daily and monthly mean were then evaluated. The results obtained showed that north central states has an average solar radiation value of 9.8MJm-2 (2.7 kWhm-2) and 27 MJm-2 (7.5 kWhm-2) as minimum and maximum, obtain in August and December respectively in 2018 and with 0.1% of land mass of states dedicated as solar panel farms, North Central, Nigeria has the potentials of generating 29,168.29 MW of Electrical energy which is far more than the current power energy demand of the Nation.
