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Author(s): Shintaro Sakai.

Volume/Issue: Volume 7 , Issue 3 (2024)

Abstract:

Magic square have long been used in divination, art, etc. due to their magic and wonder. Among them, perfect magic square are considered valuable as magic square with special properties, and mathematicians have been interested in them and studied them. However, the achievements that are currently known are how to make a certain perfect magic square, and nothing is known about the number of all perfect magic square, the unified formula, or the structure. This paper focused on symmetry and clarified the unified formula and structure.

Keywords:

Magic square, Perfect magic square, Latin square, Point symmetry, Group theory.

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