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Author(s):
Editor in Chief.
Page No :
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African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research, Volume 7, Issue 3, Cover Page
Abstract
African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research, Volume 7, Issue 3, Cover Page
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Author(s):
Oche Joseph Otorkpa, Joseph Omeiza Alao, Stephen Emmanuel.
Page No : 1-4
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Environmental and Health Impacts of Unregulated Lithium Mining Practices: Lessons from Nigeria’s Oil Industry.
Abstract
Unregulated lithium mining in Nigeria poses severe environmental and health risks akin to the historical devastation caused by oil extraction in the Niger Delta, where oil exploration activities led to oil spills and gas flaring, resulting in soil and water contamination, biodiversity loss, and public health crises. Similarly, lithium extraction depletes and contaminates water, exacerbating water scarcity and health issues. Hazardous by-products from lithium mining, such as heavy metals and toxic chemicals, often cause air pollution, environmental degradation, and severe respiratory and systemic health problems. To prevent a repeat of the catastrophic outcomes seen in the Niger Delta, stringent environmental regulations, comprehensive impact assessments, and community involvement are imperative. Establishing a specialized regulatory body and adopting best practices from established lithium mining countries can ensure the sustainable and safe exploitation of lithium resources.
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Author(s):
Olisah Nzemeka C., Obiekezie Theresa N. .
Page No : 5-20
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Estimation of Groundwater Potential and Aquifer Protective Capacity Within Old Ikenga Hotel, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Abstract
A geophysical survey using electrical resistivity method was conducted around Old Ikenga Hotel, Nsukka in Enugu State, Nigeria to investigate the groundwater potential and aquifer protective capacity of the area. The project area lies within latitudes 6°50'4.0''N - 6°57'52.0"N and longitudes 7°21'6.3"E - 7°28'12.0"E, and covers an area of about 89.6 km2. Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out with a digital read out resistivity meter (ABEM SAS 1000). The VES points were marked at 25 m and 75 m along a 100 m line. A total of eight soundings were carried out in the area. The VES data collected were interpreted using INTERPEX software and the results presented in terms of resistivity, thickness, depth and lithology. The lithology was inferred by correlating the result to the lithology log of the borehole drilled in the hotel and the geology of the study area. The VES result shows lithologic layers varying from 4 to 5. Aquiferous sand and Aquiferous sandy shale constitute the aquifer units in the area at depth of 30.26 m to 188.20 m, with their thickness ranging from 30 m to 74 m as shown by their isopach map. The aquifer protective capacity was determined by calculating for longitudinal conductance and matching the values to known standards. The calculated longitudinal conductance varies from 0.0409 to 3.1235 mhos. The interpreted VES results reveal poor, moderate, good and very good aquifer protective capacities of the overburden layers.
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Author(s):
Mudassir Hassan, Murtala Mohammed Ruma.
Page No : 21-35
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Investigation of the Basin Characteristics through Morphometric Analysis of Hadejia River Sub-Basin: Implications for Groundwater Recharge.
Abstract
Understanding the geohydrological properties of a drainage basin in relation to the topographical feature and its flow patterns depends heavily on morphometric analysis. Estimating a watershed's frequency of infiltration and runoff as well as its other hydrological characteristics is also helpful. The study was conducted using Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques with the aim of establishing relationship between surface morphometry, underlying geology and groundwater recharge. For detailed measurement and analysis, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and high resolution imageries were employed for basin delineation, slope characterization, channel network extraction and stream ordering in order to derive the linear, areal, and relief aspects of morphometric parameters. The findings showed that a total number of 116 streams joined the 4th order stream in which 83 streams were 1st order, 25 streams were 2nd order, 7 streams were 3rd order and the major trunk was 4th order stream, occupied an area of 1486.86km2. The stream network's drainage system exhibits dendritic design. The results further indicate that the values for stream frequency, infiltration number, drainage density, drainage texture, length of overland flow, elongation ratio and basin relief are 0.08, 0.032, 0.41km/km2, 0.023, 1.22km, 0.54 and 28.59m respectively. The observed values of both linear, areal and relief parameters were generally low. Low values for the areal and relief criteria indicates that the sub-basin is at its youthful stage of development and possesses very good permeable subsurface formation and prospect with the possibility of high potential groundwater resources. The result help us understand the connections between hydrological variables and geomorphological parameters as guidance and/or decision-making instruments for the authorities to develop decisions for the environmentally friendly growth of the basin, water supply planning, water budgeting, and disaster mitigation within the Hadejia river sub-basin.
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Author(s):
Martin Zang Pam, Sati Lubis, Jean Claude Ndayishimiye, Josephine Meseko , Samson Kumzhira Adamu, Saidu Idris Ahmad , Rottemwa Ruth Adamu , Ezekiel Yakubu Vwot .
Page No : 36-53
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Bacteriological and Physicochemical Analysis of Water from Different Sources in a Rural Community of Jos South Local Government Area (LGA), Plateau State, Nigeria.
Abstract
Surface and underground water polluted by microbes and chemicals exacerbates issues of water scarcity, given its importance to all life forms. This study investigated the impact of microbial and chemical pollution from water sources in the K-Vom community in Jos South Local Government area of Plateau State, Nigeria. Four water samples from various sources underwent bacteriological and physicochemical analyses following the U.S Environmental Protection Agency standard guidelines to assess their quality. Escherichia coli emerged as the predominant organism, with tap water showing the lowest contamination levels and well water, particularly from Angwan Madugu, displaying the highest bacterial counts. Physicochemical parameters generally met WHO standards, except for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Nitrates (Means: 0.14mg/L, 74.9mg/L) which exceeded recommended limits. Statistical analysis revealed non-significant differences for TSS, Nitrates, and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), suggesting overall compliance with international guidelines. Despite meeting certain standards, local water sources remain unfit for consumption due to bacterial contamination. Consequently, the study recommends the implementation of simple water treatment measures to mitigate health risks associated with waterborne diseases, emphasizing the urgent need for improved water quality management in the region.
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Author(s):
Mofor Nelson Alakeh, Mbene Kenneth, Fai Joel Alongifor, Mabu Max, Njoyim Estella Buleng Tamungang.
Page No : 54-71
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Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils and Zea mays Plant From Farmed Dump Sites in Tubah Subdivision-Northwest Cameroon.
Abstract
This study assessed the physicochemical and heavy metal properties of soil and the risks associated with Zea mays contamination by heavy metals in farmed dump sites in Tubah Sub-division, Northwest Cameroon. Three surface soil samples (0 – 20 cm) and Zea mays plant samples were collected from Bambili (S1), Baforkum (S2) and Bambui (S3) and analyzed following standard analytical procedures. Results of physicochemical analysis showed that all the soils had low pH values (5.45 - 6.12), moderate organic matter content (3.93% - 7.14%), and high available phosphorus (9.51 - 52.58 mg/kg). Total heavy metal concentrations for all soil samples ranged from 4.66 - 5.23 mg/kg, 65.32 - 98.12 mg/kg, 1555.12 - 2158.65 mg/kg, 94.64 - 115.34mg/kg, 0.87 - 1.01 mg/kg, 96.54 - 156.3 mg/kg, and 289.43 - 450.48 mg/kg for Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Hg, Cr and Zn respectively. Total heavy metal concentrations in Zea mays plant ranged from 2.66 - 4.33 mg/kg, 21.32 - 28.21 mg/kg, 55.12 - 230.34 mg/kg, 8.64 - 34.23 mg/kg, 0.47 - 0.81 mg/kg, 53.43 - 76.3 mg/kg, and 89.43 - 108.48 mg/kg for Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Hg, Cr and Zn respectively. This study thus revealed that, the soils and Zea mays plants were contaminated to varying degrees by the heavy metals Cd, Mn, Cu, Hg, Cr and Zn., and consequently, there are potential health hazards associated with the consumption of Zea mays cultivated on these soils. Physical remediation (capping, washing of soil, excavation of soil), chemical remediation (immobilization, solidification, vitrification), and phytoremediation can be employed to recover heavy metals from such soils, meanwhile, lime-induced immobilization of heavy metals could assist to keep the metals in the soil in an insoluble state.
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Author(s):
Bello Mubarak Umar, Kalu O. Elezuo, M. A. Dambatta, Haruna Ibrahim Salisu.
Page No : 72-82
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A Review Paper on Bioremediation, A Panacea to Aquaculture Productivity.
Abstract
Aquaculture production encompasses the cultivation of aquatic organisms, including fish, shellfish, and plants, within controlled environments, playing a pivotal role in meeting the escalating global demand for fish and seafood. Various techniques are employed, ranging from fish farming in ponds, cages, or tanks to the cultivation of seaweed and other aquatic flora. The overarching objective is to achieve sustainable production while minimizing adverse environmental impacts. The utilization of bioremediation techniques in aquaculture entails harnessing microorganisms to degrade pollutants and ameliorate water quality, thereby fostering a healthier environment conducive to the thriving of aquatic organisms. Strategic interventions, such as the introduction of specific bacteria or plants capable of absorbing excess nutrients, contribute to ecosystem equilibrium, thereby promoting sustainable aquaculture practices. Leveraging living organisms to detoxify or eliminate pollutants represents a promising strategy for addressing environmental challenges associated with intensive aquaculture. The review delves into elucidating the mechanisms underlying microbial communities and selected organisms' capacity to mitigate water quality issues, notably excess nutrients and organic matter accumulation. Common bioremediation approaches encompass the utilization of beneficial bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, Nano remediation, biological filters, bioaugmentation, and oxygenation. By integrating these bioremediation techniques, aquaculture enterprises can bolster water quality, mitigate disease risks, and foster a more sustainable and productive aquatic environment conducive to the flourishing of aquatic organisms.
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Author(s):
Maria Modupe Adeyemi.
Page No : 83-99
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The Role of Phytochemicals in The Management of Lifestyle Disorders.
Abstract
Phytochemicals are natural chemical constituents or bioactive compounds found in medicinal plants, aromatic plants, vegetables, fruits, leaves, flowers and roots which work in conjunction with nutrients and dietary fibers to act as defense against diseases and slow the aging process. The medicinal values of plants lie in these phytochemicals abilities to produce definite physiological action on the human body. A variety of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and steroids present in plants and their products are key factors in the treatment of several disorders including lifestyle disorders. Lifestyle disorders also known as non-communicable diseases are conditions associated with the way people live and behaved. According to World Health Organization (WHO) facts sheets, lifestyle disorders like Obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases account for 59 percent of the 56.5 million deaths annually and 45.9 percent of the global burden of disease (WHO, 2021). This review introduced and identifies various phytochemicals reported with beneficial effects or role and their functional classification or subclasses that have been identified to help prevent diseases associated with lifestyle changes.
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Author(s):
Bello Rufai Wali, Abubakar Gwaram Bello, Sanusi Bello Shamaki.
Page No : 100-109
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Forest Ownership Distinctiveness across the Globe: A Review.
Abstract
Forest ownership is a significant issue affecting multiple stakeholders such as private landowners, indigenous communities, government agencies, and the general public. This study examines the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA, 2020) and related literature to synthesize current knowledge on global forest ownership. It aims to explore various aspects of forest ownership, including legal frameworks, societal impacts, and environmental consequences. The review emphasizes the importance of comprehending forest ownership to enhance effective forest management and conservation endeavors. The study finds that forest ownership is highly varied, differing significantly within and between countries. The study also identifies critical influencers of forest ownership, encompassing cultural, social, economic, and political factors. Overall, the study stresses the necessity for extensive research into forest ownership and its implications for promoting sustainable forest management.
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Author(s):
Christiana Ovie Akpoduado.
Page No : 110-124
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Communities’ Adaptation Strategies to Environmental Changes Induced by Gas Flaring in Delta State, Nigeria.
Abstract
The study assessed communities’ adaptation strategies to environmental changes induced by gas flaring in Delta State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was administered to 738 respondents in direct proportion to the population size in fifteen sampled communities within ≤2.6km and 2.6-4km radius of flare sites with a view to elicit information on adaptation strategies to gas flaring. Household heads were sampled in every third house along identified major streets in each community. The sets of data obtained were statistically treated using tables, simple percentages and principal components analysis (PCA). Data obtained from the field on adaptation strategies to gas flaring were used as variable inputs for principal components analysis (PCA). PCA was performed using the SPSS package version 20.0 for Windows; components were extracted using the principal component analytical method and extraction of significant factors was done with a minimum acceptable eigenvalue > 1 (Kaiser, 1958; Gaur and Gaur, 2006), by using the Kaiser’s criterion. The age of respondents was 36+3.8 years, 59.0% were males, 38.5% earned <₦10, 000 monthly, 30.1% had post-secondary education and 28.3% were traders. Use of hand fan(82.9%), use of electric fan (78.6%), opening of windows and doors (70.8%), bathing frequently (67.7%), taking shelter under trees (28%) were the major adaptation strategies to heat. Adaptation strategies to farming were late planting (76.6%), planting of fast maturing crop varieties (76.4%), increased land for production (65.3%), seasonal migration (42.2%) and use of fertilizer (35.4%). Gas flaring has impacted negatively on the people of the Niger Delta. There is need to ensure that improved environmental standards are adopted to enhance the living conditions of the people.
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Author(s):
Mannir Sani, Abubakar Y., Ikwuakam O. T..
Page No : 125-141
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Cooking Energy Consumption, Preferences and Effect Among Rural and Urban Households in Katsina State, Nigeria.
Abstract
Despite efforts by Nigerian government, the country has continuously faced immense challenges in providing clean, safe and sustainable cooking energy solutions for its citizens. This seems to characterize distinctive households. The study investigated cooking energy (CE) consumption preference and effect among rural and urban households in Katsina State. A sample of 192 rural and urban households was selected using multistage sampling technique from all Katsina State households. Descriptive survey design and structured questionnaire were adopted in collecting data on CE forms, preference, reasons, effect and constraints. Frequency counts, percentages, means, PPMC, Chi-square, and t-test were used in data analysis. Results revealed that mean age and income were similar across groups. Urban households (UB) had higher educational attainment compared to rural households (RH). Both households were characterized by married individuals with children. Charcoal and firewood emerged preferred CE sources, with unexpectedly higher among UB. Gas usage was prevalent, while rising kerosene and electricity prices drove shifts away from these sources. RH exhibited high consumption of charcoal, firewood, and biomass residues. Ease of use, versatility, better taste, and cleanliness were key reasons for CE preferences across households. Statistical analyses revealed a significant positive but weak to moderate relationship between effects scores and CE preferences among RH. Education and gender demonstrated significant associations with CE preferences, in RH. The comparison of mean CE consumption showed a slightly higher level in RH, but the difference was not statistically significant. The findings underscore the importance of tailored energy policies and interventions, addressing constraints related to fire risk, costs, access, technical knowledge, and income opportunities. Consideration of demographic factors is crucial, especially in rural settings where disparities in income, education and preference may persist.
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Author(s):
Amolo Chukwunonso Nelly.
Page No : 142-157
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Microbial Water Quality: An Assessment from Delta State University Campuses, Abraka.
Abstract
This study was aimed at assessing the microbiological quality of water collected from water storage tanks
present in campus I and campus II of Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. Ten (10) water
samples were collected in triplicates from both campuses and assessed for the bacterial, fungal and
coliform counts. There was significant bacterial growth of the water samples. The mean heterotrophic
counts of the water samples ranged from 0.9x103
to 3.5x105 CFU/ml in campus I while the mean
heterotrophic counts in campus II ranged from 0.3x103
to 2.7x105
. The mean coliform counts ranged from
8.5-64.66 CFU/ml and 29.07-270.67 CFU/ml for campus 1 campus II respectively. Eleven (11) bacterial
isolates were obtained which include: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cerus, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Micrococcus
luteus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis and Shigella dysenteriae. The results showed that
Escherichia coli (15.09%), (21.54%) had the highest percentage of occurrence from the thirty samples
assessed for bacteriologicalcontamination in both campuses, while Vibrio cholerae (1.89%) and Proteus
mirabilis (1.54%) had the least occurrences in campus I and II respectively. Percentage of occurrence of
fungal isolates shows that Fusarium subglutinans (32.26%) and Rhizopus microsporus (64.29%) had the
highest occurrences in campus I and II respectively while Rhizopus microsporus (6.45%) and Aspergillus
fumigatus (4.76%) had the least occurrence for both campuses respectively. Therefore,the high microbial
loads observed in the study could be as a result of inadequate hygienic or sanitary practices of the storage
tanks within the university community. Hence, proper hygiene and sanitary practices is required to reduce contamination and the likelihood of water borne diseaseoutbreak.
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Author(s):
Ebenezer Odji, Olumide Oludolapo Oni.
Page No : 158-172
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Advancing Circular Economy in Nigeria’s Built Environment: The Roles of Industrial Design within Multidisciplinary Teams.
Abstract
This study explores the transformative potential of Industrial Design innovations, skills, theories, principles and methodologies, in advancing circular economy within the built environment, with emphasis on Nigeria. An unstructured literature review methodology was adopted. Emphasising their roles in driving efficiency, sustainability, and adaptability, Industrial Design principles, innovations, skills, theories, and/or methodologies are examined in relations to their contributions to enhancing flexibility, reducing developmental or construction timelines, and promoting resource efficiency as well as environmental aesthetics and stewardship. The study outcomes show that Industrial Design plays key roles in the promotion of circular economy through material efficiency and optimisation, disassembly and reuse, resource recovery and recycling, user centric design and community engagement, persuasive designs in the built environment as well as in the conversion of wastes to usable materials, aesthetic components and equipment. As urbanisation advances and environmental degradation worsens in Nigeria, this study underscores the relevance and impact of Industrial Design (as a field of design practice) in fostering innovative solutions for the wellbeing of both the present and future generations. The research advocates for the integration of multidisciplinary design teams and a holistic approach to design, empowering professionals to create sustainable and thriving communities. It, among others, recommends that greater recognition be accorded the roles of Industrial Designers and other environment-related professions in advancing circular economy and sustainability in the built environment.
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Author(s):
Amanze Chikamnele Tochukwu, Ibe O. Kalu, Nwosu O. Comfort, Okoror P. I., Ukabiala M. E., Eluagu K. F..
Page No : 173-184
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Aggregate Stability Indices of a Typic Hapludult under Different Land-Use Types and Varying Depths at Umuahia.
Abstract
Stability of soil aggregates is among the soil conditions influencing the fertility and quality of soils. This study was conducted to access the implications of different land-use practices and depths of soil on aggregate stability indices. The trial was a split plot experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) involving two factors which were land-use practices (main plot factor) and soil depths (subplot factor). The land-use practices were of four levels {continuously cultivated land (CC), forest land (FL), grassland (GL), and oil palm plantation (OP)}; while the soil depths were of five levels (0 – 20, 20 – 40, 40 – 60, 60 – 80, 80 – 100 cm). Twenty treatments combination were obtained and replicated nine (9) times to give a total of one hundred and eighty (180) observational points. Nine (9) mini-pits of 100 cm each were randomly dug in the respective land-use, then disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from the specified depths. The samples were prepared and analysed in a laboratory. Data generated were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GenStat version 15. Results showed that there was significant (P ≤ 5%) difference in aggregate stability indices among the land-use practices and across the depths; also there was significant (P ≤ 5%) interaction between land-use practices and depths. The highest dispersion index of 29.48 % was observed under the FL at 0 – 20 cm depth, while the highest clay dispersion index of 42.31 % was observed under GL at 0 – 20 cm depth. Aggregated silt + clay increased with increase in depth with GL having the highest value of 29.98 % at the 80 – 100 cm depth. Highest and lowest clay flocculation index were observed at the CC and GL across the depths, respectively. The highest mean weight diameter across the depths was observed at the OP while CC had the lowest across depths. Therefore, aggregate stability indices vary across soils of different land-use practices and depths such that land-use practices that promote accumulation of organic carbon weaken the stability of micro aggregates but promoted macro aggregation and its stability.
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Author(s):
Chisom F. Iroka, Raphael N. Okigbo, Kenneth U. Ekwealor, Clara N. Ikegbunam, Onyili C. Adachukwu, Okereke N. Chukwu .
Page No : 184-202
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Checklist of Tree and Shrub Species in Forests Across Anambra State Nigeria.
Abstract
The evaluation of tree and shrub species in forests throughout Anambra State poses a significant challenge. Despite the importance of these forests in terms of ecology and biodiversity, there is a lack of comprehensive documentation on the various tree and shrub species found in the area. The absence of precise taxonomic information impedes conservation efforts, sustainable management, and well-informed decision-making regarding forest resources. This study was carried out to delineate the species of trees and shrubs present in some forest sites in Anambra State, Nigeria. Three tropical forests were selected from different zones of the study area based on their high floristic composition, they include: Unizik Conservation Forest Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka South (NACF), Ishigwu Forest, Umuomaku Orumba South (IFU), Umuikwu Forest, Anam Anambra West (UFA). A field inventory of trees and shrubs flora was adopted for data collection. On each location, six plots of 10 m × 10 m each were randomly demarcated following a line transect and trees within the plots were assessed. Identification and recording of different tree and shrub species was done by considering morphological features of leaves and stem. A total of 114 species belonging to 101 genera in 38 families were recorded across the three forests. The forests contained different proportions of unique species, indicating differences in species richness. It is recommended that habitat preservation be prioritized due to the wide variety of species observed in the three forests. Measures should be implemented to avoid deforestation, illegal logging, and land-use changes that could harm these ecosystems.
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Author(s):
Odoh B. I., Ahaneku C. V., Madu F. M., Machi J. O., Mougbo C. D., Ijeh E. C., Ozoemena G. O., Arukwe-Moses C. P..
Page No : 203-222
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Environmental Impact of Lithium Mining in Northern Nigeria: A Comprehensive Review.
Abstract
This comprehensive study investigates the profound environmental impacts of lithium mining in Northern Nigeria, a region renowned for its rich mineral resources. The research uncovers the devastating consequences of lithium extraction on the environment, including water pollution, land degradation, air pollution, and severe health impacts on local communities. The mining process involves releasing toxic chemicals and heavy metals, such as lithium, arsenic, and cadmium, into nearby water sources, posing significant risks to aquatic life and human health. The extraction process also leads to water depletion, deforestation, habitat destruction, and soil structure disruption, resulting in land degradation and subsidence. Furthermore, mining activities release particulate matter and gases into the air, contributing to pollution and negative health effects for local communities. The direct lithium extraction process produces hazardous by-products harmful to human health, including respiratory problems and nervous-system disorders. This study highlights the urgent need for mitigation measures to minimise the environmental impacts of lithium mining in Northern Nigeria. Implementing effective recycling strategies, developing alternative technologies, and integrating biodiversity impacts into mining practices are crucial to ensure sustainable extraction and reduce harm to local ecosystems and human health. The findings of this research are essential for policymakers, mining industries, and environmental organisations to develop sustainable strategies for lithium mining, balancing economic growth with environmental stewardship and social responsibility.
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Author(s):
Amir Abdulazeez, Kamal Muktar Aliyu, Umar Shehu Sarki, Isma’il Muhammed.
Page No : 223-239
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Global Perspectives on Laterite Mining and Extraction and its Environmental Implications for Nigeria.
Abstract
This paper explores the economic, environmental and social aspect of laterite mining techniques in Nigeria and around the world. Tropical and subtropical climates are home to the rich iron and aluminium oxide-containing soil and rock known as laterite. The article examines the several kinds of laterite deposits found in Nigeria, such as siliceous, bauxitic and ferruginous laterites. The economic significance of laterite mining is derived from its contribution to the construction, steel, iron and aluminium sectors. But there are also serious environmental problems associated with laterite mining like soil erosion, water contamination and deforestation. Energy-intensive character of mineral processing may increase emissions of greenhouse gases. Uncontrolled mining operations have the potential to uproot communities, worsen social injustices and fuel violence. This paper highlights the weaknesses of the regulatory framework in Nigeria, including weak enforcement, inadequate community engagement and limited financial provisions for mine closure and rehabilitation, Laterite mining offers economic benefits through provision of materials for building and road construction as well as the production of aluminium, iron and other valuable minerals. Finally, governments should implement stricter enforcement mechanisms for existing mining regulations.
KEY WORDS: Laterite, Environment, Mining, Extraction and Land Degradation.
