| 1 |
Author(s):
Charles Kennedy, Mohammed Ganiyu Oluwaseun.
Page No : 1-25
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Probabilistic and Deterministic Assessment of Seismic Soil Liquefaction Potential in The Niger Delta Region of Nigeria Using Standard Penetration Test-Based
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the liquefaction potential of soils in Nembe Town, Bayelsa State located in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria through probabilistic and deterministic analyses using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data. The objectives were to characterize the subsurface stratigraphy and soil properties through field and laboratory investigations, develop predictive models for soil parameters using a regional database, and apply simplified procedures to assess liquefaction risk. Ten borehole locations were selected across the town where SPT, undisturbed and disturbed sampling was conducted to a depth of 30m. Index tests classified the soils and determined density, plasticity and composition trends with depth. Shear wave velocity measurements aided subsurface profiling. Empirical predictive models through regression correlated key properties with stress factors demonstrating accuracy in characterizing limited site data. Simplified procedures using corrected SPT-N values classified the upper 30m as NEHRP Site Class D and evaluated the factor of safety against liquefaction. The extensive investigation program provided a robust framework for deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard assessments through subsurface profiling and model validation. Results reliably characterized the deposit stratigraphy, compositions and properties to evaluate liquefaction potential in the Niger Delta region.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Mohammed Ganiyu Oluwaseun1, Charles Kennedy.
Page No : 26-42
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Comparative Evaluation of Stabilized Soil Properties Incorporating Bagasse Ash with Cement Vs Lime on Determination of Best Additive Combinations
Abstract
This study investigated the use of bagasse ash from Custus arabicus L. as a pozzolanic admixture for stabilizing expansive black cotton soil alongside cement and lime. Samples of the problem soil were collected and treated with varying proportions (2.5-10% by dry weight) of bagasse ash in combination with a constant 8% content of cement or lime. The engineering properties of the treated composites such as maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, consistency limits, California bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength were evaluated based on standard procedures. The results showed that both the cement-bagasse ash and lime-bagasse ash composites were effective in modifying the expansive behavior and improving the strength of the black cotton soil. Key indicators like liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index decreased with rising bagasse ash content, indicating a reduction in soil shrink-swell potential. Meanwhile, properties enhancing load-bearing capacity such as maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, CBR and UCS values increased upon treatment. Among the mixtures, soil stabilized with 8% cement and 7.5% bagasse ash composite exhibited the optimal performance. Compared to untreated soil, maximum improvements of 66.4% and 102.6% were recorded in the CBR and UCS values respectively for the optimal cement-bagasse ash blend. Overall, both lime and cement-based composites incorporating bagasse ash from Custus arabicus L. showed potential for modifying expansive subgrades and increasing their structural capacity. The study established the viability of utilizing agro-industrial waste alongside conventional stabilizers for ground improvement works.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Mohammed Ganiyu Oluwaseun, Charles Kennedy.
Page No : 43-56
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Modelling of Cyclic Shear Modulus and Factor of Safety in Clay Soil
Abstract
The liquefaction potential of Niger Delta soil was studied through formulated models based on cyclic shear modulus and factor of safety (FS). Data from the experiment were fitted into models to predict the cyclic shear modulus and Factor of Safety. The test analysis shows effective prediction of cyclic shear modulus for a given number of cycles (1–40) and cyclic shear strain (0.01–5 %). Comparison of results shows no significant differences between the measured and predicted cyclic shear modulus, especially from 0.1% shear strain and above. Similarly, the values of factor of safety predicted by the model were very close to those obtained from the experiment; the predicted FS obtained at depths close to 30 m across the sites were slightly greater than 1.0, as against the observed results. Despite this slight variation, the FS model still shows a high degree of prediction. Therefore, the formulated models can be utilised in the study of liquefaction potential, especially in the Niger Delta region.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Charles Kennedy, Ikebude Chiedozie Francis , Barango Daye Owuna.
Page No : 57-75
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Spatial Trends and Distribution Patterns of Toxic Heavy Metal Contamination in an Urbanized Watershed
Abstract
Rapid urban growth in developing nations exacerbates pressures on water resources through increased pollution loading if management practices cannot adapt efficiently. This study evaluated industrial effluent impacts on river systems in Nigeria contaminated by discharge from beverage, oil and biscuit manufacturing plants. Physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations were monitored at sites upstream and downstream from waste outfalls during wet and dry seasons. Results demonstrated exceedances of national water quality standards for indicators of organic pollution like biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Notably, highly toxic heavy metals exceeded World Health Organization limits by over 100 times, posing serious public health concerns through various exposure pathways. Seasonal variations reflected changes in pollution inputs. Spatial trends showed metal levels decreasing with distance, though remaining well above safe levels 100m downstream. A predictive transport model was formulated based on field measurements incorporated into the advection-dispersion equation. Key coefficients for the dispersion rate and velocity/dispersion ratio were quantified, allowing simulation of concentration changes under differing scenarios. Model predictions closely aligned with observed metal distribution patterns. Findings highlight the need for upgraded wastewater treatment and emissions controls to mitigate pollution over-burdening natural assimilative capacity. Continuous monitoring programs should track remediation effectiveness. This study provides insights to help authorities balance rapid industrialization, environmental protection and sustainable development goals through evidence-based regulatory strategies ensuring public health.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Charles Kennedy, Barango Daye Owuna, Ikebude Chiedozie Francis.
Page No : 76-97
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Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Industrial Pollution Model Calibration and Validation Using Field Measurements
Abstract
This study assessed industrial pollution impacts on rivers near Port Harcourt, Nigeria using physicochemical analysis, heavy metal data, and contaminant transport modeling. Key findings show the rivers are severely degraded with extreme levels of heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen, high conductivity, nutrients, and fecal bacteria exceeding water quality guidelines. Uncontrolled effluent discharges from industries are primarily responsible. A first-order advection-diffusion model reliably predicted the rapid initial dilution and slower downstream attenuation of metals like magnesium and cadmium. The model was successfully calibrated and validated using field measurements to determine key transport parameters including dispersion coefficients. The severe contamination indicates current effluent treatment and regulations are inadequate and require urgent strengthening to control sources, expand monitoring, remediate contamination, restore habitats, and protect ecosystem and public health. Sustained engagement of government, industry, communities and researchers is essential to devise integrated solutions that improve water quality. The modeling provides quantitative guidance on pollution impacts and mitigation needs. Further work should refine predictions, establish ecological thresholds, and validate model results with biomonitoring to support evidence-based, adaptive management.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Ebeten Bassey Otu (Ph.D.).
Page No : 98-115
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Developing Plastering Skills Appropriate by Building Construction Students for Self-Employment in Technical Colleges in Southern Senatorial District of Cross River State.
Abstract
This study sought to develop and validate plastering skills appropriate by building construction students for self-employment in Technical Colleges in Southern Senatorial District of Cross River State. The research design that was employed for this study was descriptive survey research design. The study was carried out in five local government areas in . The population for the study wads 672 e dress sdColleges in the , seven experts (lecturers) (four from University of Cross River State and three from College of Education, Akamkpa) and 653 masons from the 42 registered building construction companies in the Southern Senatorial District of Cross River State. The sample size used for the study was 250. This comprised 12 building construction teachers, seven experts and 231 masons from the 42 registered building construction companies in the district. Teachers and experts were not sampled; however, simple random sampling was used to sample 231 masons. The instrument that was used for data collection was researcher structure questionnaire titled: “Plastering Skills Appropriate by Building Construction Students for Self-employment (PLASABUCONSSE).” The instrument contained 31 items, 5 points Likert type scale. Cronbach Alpha reliability was used to determine the internal consistency of the instrument which yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.85. The data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while ANOVA was used to test the null hypothesis at .05 level of significance. Items with mean of 3.00 and above were considered appropriate while items with mean below 3.00 were considered not appropriate. From the study, 14 items out of 16 lime plastering tasks were considered appropriate for lime plastering skills for self-employment while 13 items out of 15 cement plastering tasks were considered appropriate for cement plastering skills for self-employment. Conclusions were drawn and, based on the findings, it was recommended among others that The National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) as well as sister agencies should adopt the developed plastering tasks for teaching plastering skills in building construction.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Abdulazeez Rotimi, Bashir Abba Kabir, Aliyu Bello.
Page No : 116-127
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Evaluation of Road Pavement Failure: A Case Study of Federal Medical Center Jabi Road, Abuja.
Abstract
Background of Study: In Nigeria, roads frequently degrade soon after construction, especially if the work is not done properly. However, some roads last for a long time before they deteriorate. This current study examined the factors that contribute to road collapse alongside the Federal Medical Centre road, Abuja and proposed optimal solutions.
Methods: Sufficient soil samples were obtained at the road’s collapsed segment. However, a Traffic volume study was conducted together with laboratory investigation such as Natural moisture content determination, Sieve analysis, Atterberg limit testing, Compaction test and California bearing ratio analysis using (BS 1377) to better understand the factors causing the road failure.
Results: The result from Natural moisture content shows that the soil sample obtained contained an amount of water for each sample, while sieve analysis shows that the samples have satisfied the requirements. In addition, the Atterberg limit test indicates that the earth’s samples are good and excellent for use in building roads, while for compaction, the OMC and MDD values gotten have also satisfied the requirements. More so, the California bearing ratio test also shows that the sub-base materials are good, which makes the layers of good strength. A traffic volume study was done by counting the number of vehicles going and coming out from various organisations surrounding the road in the morning and Afternoon hours.
Conclusion: The construction materials of the road are good and excellent and have all complied with the requirements. Hence, by visual observation, the road's drainage system could be better, and the road surface needs to be cambered to the direction of the drainage to drain off water, especially during the rainy season. Water poses a lot of threat to roads, gradually creating void and allowing water infiltration, causing severe damage to the subsoil and pavement. Therefore, it is recommended that the drainage system should be properly built while cambering the road to either direction for proper running off of water.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Daniel Yunusa , Abba-Gana Mohammed , O.B.E Salau.
Page No : 128-136
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Fly Ash-Lime Lateritic Compressed Stabilized Earth Bricks for Low Cost Housing.
Abstract
This study assessed the mechanical and durability properties of compressed stabilized earth bricks (CSEB) made from laterite soil, stabilized with various proportions of fly ash and lime (4% to 12%). Tests conducted on the soil sample and Fly ash used for the research, proved that the soil is True Laterite (S-S=1.0370%). A total of 165 CSEB samples were produced and the research identified various properties as a result of changing the proportion of the stabilizers. The findings of the study revealed compressive strength of CSEB 8 (5% fly ash,5% lime) at 28th days and CSEB 11 (6% fly ash,6% lime) at 14th ,28th days as 1.72 N/mm2 ,1.69N/mm2 and 2.02 N/mm2 respectively, met the requirement for construction material in rural houses, bungalow and low rise buildings. The mean bulk density values ranged from 1727.35 to 1865.35 kg/m3. for all curing age. From water absorption test results, all values obtained fell below the maximum recommendation except for CSEB 1 (2% fly ash,2% lime) and CSEB 2 (4% fly ash,2% lime) as specified by NIS 87 (2004) and NBRRI (2008).
| 9 |
Author(s):
Muhammad Auwal Ibrahim, Shashivendra Dulawat, Esar Ahmad (Ph.D.), Ibrahim Abdullahi Ibrahim, Umar Shehu Ibrahim, Salihu Sarki Ubayi, Idris Zakariyya Ishaq.
Page No : 137-144
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Exploring the Potential of Weld Slag as Aggregate Replacement in Concrete for Sustainable Construction: A Review Paper.
Abstract
Concrete is the most globally used material in the construction industry, with over ten billion tons produced annually, and its aggregates making 70 to 80% of its quantity. The aggregates production leads the natural sources of these aggregates to deplete in a high rate and with a significant carbon footprint. Consequently, industries are generating waste output in a large quantity which is posing problems to the environment and leading to economic challenges. This review explores the potential of using industrial waste such as weld slags, steel slags, and glass powder as substitutes to traditional concrete aggregates. The integration of these wastes solves the problems of waste disposal, resource depletion and environmental pollution. The review is to also to encourage the reuse, recycling and reduction of waste production to reduce pollution. This practice will help ensure resource conservation, environmental protection and enhanced sustainability. Furthermore it underscores the importance of further research on the durability and practical applications of concrete containing industrial slags such as steel slags, weld slags, glass powder etc. to establish effective and sustainable construction practices.
| 10 |
Author(s):
Ibrahim Abdullahi Ibrahim, Esar Ahmad (Ph.D.), Shashivendra Dulawat, Mustapha Nuhu Garko, Salihu Sarki Ubayi, Umar Shehu Ibrahim, Muhammad Auwal Ibrahim.
Page No : 145-159
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A Review on the Impact of Rice Husk Ash and Marble Waste Powder on Concrete Properties.
Abstract
Cement has been a staple in the construction industry for decades, performing admirably when properly mixed. However, cement production is accompanied with a lot of CO2 emissions, contributing to environmental pollution and ozone layer depletion. To mitigate these effects and reduce reliance on conventional concrete materials, exploration of alternative materials is essential. Researchers have investigated industrial and agricultural waste as potential cement supplements, but many of these waste products pose disposal and health challenges. Instead of discarding these materials, their proper utilization can yield positive environmental benefits.
This review focuses on the feasibility of incorporating rice husk ash (RHA) and marble waste (MW) into concrete production. It examines the environmental, and economic advantages of using RHA and MW, as well as their impact on mechanical and durability properties of concrete like the compressive strength, durability, splitting tensile strength, permeability, water-cement ratio, workability and thermal properties. Additionally, the review explores various approaches and methodologies for integrating these materials into concrete mixes. Numerous research studies have evaluated the effectiveness of utilizing MDP and RHA in manufacturing concrete.
Key findings indicate that the maximum benefit of replacing cement with RHA occurs at a 15% substitution level. Furthermore, marble waste, owing to its high calcium oxide (CaO) content, can also serve as a cement supplement. Marble powder, with its fine particle size, can replace fine aggregates in concrete, enhancing filler effects and reducing porosity, resulting in denser and more durable concrete. Additionally, marble waste can potentially substitute for coarse aggregates in concrete production.
